Precise measurement of insecticide toxicity against house flies from various poultry ranches, dairies and cattle feed lots provided evidence of the presence of resistance roughly in proportion to the extent of insecticide use in each situation. The data indicate where changes to new insecticides are advisable, and illustrate how heavy reliance on insecticides over several years for fly control ...

BACKGROUND Highly hazardous organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are responsible for most pesticide poisoning deaths. As they are removed from agricultural practice, they are often replaced by carbamate insecticides of perceived lower toxicity. However, relatively little is known about poisoning with these insecticides. METHODS We prospectively studied 1288 patients self-poisoned with carbamate...

Anticarsia gemmatalis caterpillar is controlled with synthetic insecticides, which cause environmental pollution and insect resistance, new compounds low impact, need to be investigated. Toxicity, survival, locomotion, feeding, midgut histopathology of A. caterpillars exposed lemongrass essential oil (LEO) its components (citral geranyl acetate) were The are toxic survival decreasing according ...

In India, the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important pest of cruciferous vegetables and causes severe economic losses. This pest has ability to evolve resistance in laboratory and field to almost all groups of synthetic insecticides. Despite of these, management with synthetic insecticides has been considered to be the easy and favorable option by...

Introduction The toxicity of pesticides to birds has long been a matter of concern to conservationists, and is a factor taken into consideration by regulatory authorities when making environmental risk assessments for new chemicals. Experience has shown that toxicity data obtained using rats, mice and rabbits do not provide reliable guidance as to avian toxicity. Where the toxicity of a pestici...

The tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most devastating pests worldwide. Current management of B. tabaci relies upon the frequent applications of insecticides. In addition to direct mortality by typical acute toxicity (lethal effect), insecticides may also impair various key biological traits of the exposed insects through physiological and behavioral sublethal effects. Identifying a...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels which mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The great abundance of nAChRs within the insect central nervous system has led to the development of insecticides targeting these receptors, such as neonicotinoid insecticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides act selectively on insect...

In ecotoxicology, appreciation is growing for the influence that ecological interactions have on the toxicity of contaminants, such as insecticides, to sensitive species. Most previous studies, however, have focused on factors that exacerbate insecticide effects on species, while factors that may mitigate these effects have been relatively ignored. In aquatic habitats, a small number of studies...

Field-based bioassays were used to determine the relative impact of rainfall on the relative toxicity of four insecticides, phosmet, carbaryl, zeta-cypermethrin, or imidacloprid, from different chemical classes on adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, in highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. Bioassays were set up 24 h after spraying occurred and Japanese beetle condition was...