We introduce a six layer model of tra c variations and a corresponding model of management actions. In particular, we tra c study real time tra c management on the tra c and session levels which correspond to variations on the hour and minute levels. Using virtual paths (VPs) and virtual channels (VCs) as the managed entities on the two levels respectively, we put forward a simple and robust st...

Almost all animals show sex differences in body size. For example, in Drosophila, females are larger than males. Although Drosophila is widely used as a model to study growth, the mechanisms underlying this male-female difference in size remain unclear. Here, we describe a novel role for the sex determination gene transformer (tra) in promoting female body growth. Normally, Tra is expressed onl...

The gene transformer (tra) is the key regulatory memory device for sex determination in tephritid insects. The present manuscript addressed the question about the functional conservation of the tephritid Anastrepha Transformer protein to direct somatic sexual development in Drosophila (Drosophilidae). The transformer cDNA of Anastrepha encoding the putative full-length Tra protein was cloned in...

The transformer (tra) gene of Drosophila melanogaster occupies an intermediate position in the regulatory pathway controlling all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation. The female-specific expression of this gene's function is regulated by the Sex lethal (Sxl) gene, through a mechanism involving sex-specific alternative splicing of tra pre-mRNA. The tra gene encodes a protein that is though...

PURPOSE A monoclonal antibody (TRA-8) has been developed that binds to death receptor 5 (DR5), one of two death receptors bound by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the binding and cytotoxicity of TRA-8 to human breast cancer cell lines. The antitumor efficacy of TRA-8 was evaluated in a xenograft human breast cancer muri...

Multipath routing is a technique that allows tra c dispersion and so, through the use of load-balancing, nodes energy consumption minimization or analysis for tra c prevention, it is capable to improve performance in mobile ad hoc networks. In this work we compare multipath version for two reactive protocols: DYMO and DSR. We study the impact of tra c dispersion on both UDP and TCP tra c. Moreo...

Recently the notion of self similarity has been shown to apply to wide area and local area network tra c In this paper we examine the mechanisms that give rise to the self similarity of network tra c We present a hypothesized explanation for the possible self similarity of tra c by using a particular sub set of wide area tra c tra c due to the World Wide Web WWW Using an extensive set of traces...

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the tra-2 sex-determining gene is regulated at the translational level by two 28 nt direct repeat elements (DREs) located in its 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). DRF is a factor that binds the DREs and may be a trans-acting translational regulator of tra-2. Here we identify two genes that are required for the normal pattern of translational control. A newly identified ...

Markov modulated models are often used to model tra c in a network. How well the processes really capture the essentials of real tra c is less known. We review some of these models and apply a number of associated tting methods to an Ethernet tra c in di erent timescales. The tted models are then used as input to a bu er where bu er occupancies are used as a measure of the goodness of the model...

This paper describes an experimental study of constraint-based network design. We used a novel network design tool, implemented in Java, to design representative networks joining major U.S. cities. The cost of three topologies: Best Star, Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), and Delaunay Triangulation, are compared, with and without localized tra c constraints. The best star network gives near optimal ...