BACKGROUND Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological agent, based on delivering low voltage electrical currents to the skin. TENS is used for the treatment of a variety of pain conditions. OBJECTIVES To assess the analgesic effectiveness of TENS for acute pain in adults to see if it had any clear analgesic effect in its own right. SEARCH STRATEGY The follow...

OBJECTIVE The authors know of no controlled randomized studies on the cognitive effects of acupuncture following stroke. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on emotional and cognitive functioning. METHODS Five to 10 days after stroke, 54 patients with moderate or severe functional impair...

Epilepsy medications are ineffective 30% of the time. Implantable devices are unsuitable in emergency situations. This research focuses on the development of an ambulatory system capable of the non-invasive detection and termination of seizures in emergencies. Towards this end, a concentric ring electrode system for detecting seizure electrical activity and applying localized transcranial elect...

The study of folk medicine by anthropologists and medical historians has revealed an astonishing array of ingenious methods to relieve pain (Brockbank, 1954). Every culture, it appears, has learned to fight pain with pain: in general, brief, moderate pain tends to abolish severe, prolonged pain. One of the oldest methods is cupping, in which a glass cup is heated up (by coals or flaming alcohol...

Locomotor behavior is controlled by specific neural circuits called central pattern generators primarily located at the lumbosacral spinal cord. These locomotor-related neuronal circuits have a high level of automaticity; that is, they can produce a "stepping" movement pattern also seen on electromyography (EMG) in the absence of supraspinal and/or peripheral afferent inputs. These circuits can...