This study was published as part of the Next Linear Collider (NLC) Zeroth order Design Report (ZDR) [1]. It addresses the problems of transporting very small emittance beams in the main linacs of the NLC. Several mechanisms of emittance dilution and correction are calculated in detail. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the NLC main linac design under the assumption that the speci ed de...

The heat loading on plasma facing components (PFCs) provides a critical limitation for design and operation of the first wall, divertor, and other special components. Power plants will have high power entering the scrape-off layer and transporting to the first wall and divertor. Although the design for steady heat loads is understood, the approach for transient and off-normal loading is not. Th...

We consider the problem of minimizing the delay in transporting a signal across a distance in a VLSI circuit.The problem can be restated as a combined buffer insertion, buffer sizing and wire sizing problem. We propose a simple buffering architecture for this problem and show that this architecture achieves a near optimal solution. We also derive simple models for a buffered wire which are suit...

Neurons demand vast and vacillating supplies of energy. As the key contributors of this energy, as well as primary pools of calcium and signaling molecules, mitochondria must be where the neuron needs them, when the neuron needs them. The unique architecture and length of neurons, however, make them a complex system for mitochondria to navigate. To add to this difficulty, mitochondria are synth...

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Organic anion-transporting polypeptides or OATPs are central transporters in the disposition of drugs and other xenobiotics. In addition, they mediate transport of a wide variety of endogenous substrates. The critical role of OATPs in drug disposition has spurred research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. Translational aspects with clinical questions are the focus in academia...

the engineers can frequently encounter with the situation to select the optimum option among the alternatives related with tunneling operations. the optimum choice can be selected by the experienced engineers taking into consideration their judgment and intuition. however, decision-making methods can offer to the engineers to support their optimum selection for a particular application in a sci...