Type I restriction enzymes use two motors to translocate DNA before carrying out DNA cleavage. The motor function is accomplished by amino-acid motifs typical for superfamily 2 helicases, although DNA unwinding is not observed. Using a combination of extensive single-molecule magnetic tweezers and stopped-flow bulk measurements, we fully characterized the (re)initiation of DNA translocation by ...

Intracellular transport is an essential function in eucaryotic cells, facilitated by motor proteins-proteins converting chemical energy into kinetic energy. It is understood that motor proteins work in teams enabling unidirectional and bidirectional transport of intracellular cargo over long distances. Disruptions of the underlying transport mechanisms, often caused by mutations that alter sing...

Linear motors are widely used in cryogenic fields to drive Stirling-type cryocoolers. Generally the Joule heat loss associated with copper lead is considered as the main loss in motors while the iron loss is ignored at a lower frequency operation, not only because it’s regarded as small enough but also it’s difficult to measure or calculate. This paper introduces an experimental method to measu...

Molecular motors are protein structures that play a central role in accomplishing mechanical work inside a cell. While chemical reactions fuel this work, it is not exactly known how this chemical-mechanical conversion occurs. Recent advances in microbiological techniques have enabled at least indirect observations of molecular motors which in turn have led to significant effort in the mathemati...

Intracellular bidirectional transport of cargo on Microtubule filaments is achieved by the collective action of oppositely directed dynein and kinesin motors. Experimental investigations probing the nature of bidirectional transport have found that in certain cases, inhibiting the activity of one type of motor results in an overall decline in the motility of the cellular cargo in both direction...

Bidirectional transport of membrane organelles along microtubules (MTs) is driven by plus-end directed kinesins and minus-end directed dynein bound to the same cargo. Activities of opposing MT motors produce bidirectional movement of membrane organelles and cytoplasmic particles along MT transport tracks. Directionality of MT-based transport might be controlled by a protein complex that determi...

The sensory outer segments (OS) of vertebrate retinal photoreceptors, which detect photons of light, resemble the distal segments of Caenorhabditis elegans sensory cilia, which detect chemical ligands that influence the chemotactic movements of the animal. Based on fluorescence microscopy assays performed in sensory cilia of living, transgenic "wild type" and mutant C. elegans, combined with in...

A three-level neutral point clamped inverter with three phase legs is often used to power three-phase electrical motors. This type of multilevel has its advantages over two-level inverters. The main are lower harmonic distortion and less stress on motor windings. can be also as a source for two-phase induction motor. one-phase starting capacitor auxiliary windings in fact In this article, we sh...

some of the important mechanical loads in the civil and military industries are variable speed and power and their efficiency. mechanical coupling of two different electric motors is suitable for these types of application. using this technique reduces energy consumption of submarine’s motion system and submarine range would be increased. but the use of this technique requires a complex control...

Myosin V and VI are antagonistic motors that cohabit membrane vesicles in cells. A systematic study of their collective function, however, is lacking and forms the focus of this study. We functionally reconstitute a two-dimensional actin-myosin interface using myosin V and VI precisely patterned on DNA nanostructures, in combination with a model keratocyte actin meshwork. While scaffolds displa...