To better understand the development and cognitive architecture of human reasoning, a divide between deductive and probabilistic reasoning has often been proposed. Neurological studies carried out on clinical and typical populations have overwhelmingly found that the two proposed types of reasoning are underpinned by relatively independent neural substrates. This article seeks to determine thro...

The hidden Markov model (HMM) has proven to be the model which made large-vocabulary automatic speech recognition (ASR) possible. The HMM is robust, versatile and has at its disposal a host of efficient algorithms to deal with training, speaker adaptation and recognition. However there is nothing uniquely speech orientated about the HMM. In fact, certain assumptions are made of speech which are...

College students responded to a series of questionnaires while they were in the process of selecting housing from a choice of seven available options for the coming fall. Questionnaires concerned their self-concepts, their housing prototypes, their preferences in housing, and their goals in housing selection. Overall analyses of the self-to-prototype matching strategy suggest that most students...

INTRODUCTION The basic assumption made by the designers of EMG amplifier systems is that the substantial difference between different person's detected EMG signals is the energy generated, but the spectral content is sufficiently similar to be ignored. Anecdotally, there is little or no expectation that there is any structural difference between the muscles of persons with congenital absence an...

Bounded reachability or model checking is widely believed to work poorly when using decision diagrams instead of SAT procedures. Recent research suggests this to be untrue with regards to synchronous systems, particularly digital circuits. This paper shows that the belief is also a myth for asynchronous systems, such as models specified by Petri nets. We propose Bounded Saturation, a new algori...

Traditional approaches to analyzing experimental functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data entail fitting per-voxel parameters to explain how the observed images reflect the thoughts and stimuli a participant experienced during the experiment. These methods implicitly assume that voxel responses are independent and that the unit of analysis should be the voxel. However, both of these as...

Sir,?The statement made by Dr. A. IC. Basu in his article 'Experience of Riot Surgery' (I.M.G., August 1947, p. 465) that 'shock for some reasons is conspicuously absent in these cases in the first few hours (Som and Mukherjee, 1947). In my experience this is dangerous teachingis utterly untrue and misleading. We never said that shock was conspicuously absent in all cases. We said in summary th...

Research shows that younger adults have difficulty forgetting inferences that they make after reading a passage, even if the information that the inferences are based on is later shown to be untrue. The present study examined the effects of these inferences on memory in the lab and tested whether older adults, like younger adults, are influenced by the lingering effects of false inferences. In ...

The incomplete and untrue data caused by cyber attacks (e.g., image information leakage tampering) will affect control performance even lead to system instability. To address this problem, a novel co-design secure method based on attack detection compensation for networked visual systems (NVCSs) is proposed. Firstly, the existing problems of NVCSs under are analysed, including encryption, water...

one of the significant discourses of principles of jurisprudence is the study of the ruling for tajarrī according to the dictate of intellect and that the uṣūlīs have been disagreed as to whether tajarrī is unlawful or not. terminologically, tajarrī is practical opposition (insolence) to the master’s command, either obligatory or unlawful according to the perpetrator’s opinion; whereas, their p...