We develop a two-sided market model with an upstream–downstream structure. More specifically, the platform consists of two rival upstream firms and a downstream monopolist. Each upstream firm negotiates the input price (license fee) with the downstream monopolist and also chooses the amount of advertising that is embedded in the good it sells to the downstream monopolist. The downstream monopol...

When a downstream producer enters backward into the input market, a “helping the rivals” effect exists: such entry hurts the firm’s downstream business as it increases upstream competition and thus reduces the input price for rival downstream firms. This negative externality prevents the newly-created upstream unit from expanding. A spin-off enables the firm to credibly expand in the input mark...

Most of the issues regarding desertification are always related to soil fertility and water quality [1,2]. Hence United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seriously globalized the issues of desertification in 1992. The developed and developing including hilly mountainous countries are the conference of the parties and so as Nepal [3]. The catchments in hill and Himalayan reg...

C a firm developing an innovative product. Due to market pressures, production must begin soon after the product development effort is complete, which requires that an upstream supplier invests in capacity while the design of the product and production process are in flux. Because the product is ill-defined at this point in time, the firms are unable to write court-enforceable contracts that sp...

Asymmetric pricing is the phenomenon where prices rise more readily than they fall. We articulate, and provide empirical support for, a theory of asymmetric pricing in wholesale prices. In particular, we show how wholesale prices may be asymmetric in the small but symmetric in the large, when retailers face costs of price adjustments. Such retailers will not adjust prices for small changes in t...

We analyze capability-seeking aspects of foreign direct investment by examining the relationship between upstream (technological) and downstream (marketing) capabilities and the choice between acquisition and greenfield modes of international entry. In analyzing 2,175 entries by British, German and Japanese investors into the United States, we find that for downstream capabilities, which tend n...

The ISO 9000 series of quality management systems standards is widely diffused, with over 560,000 sites certified in 159 countries (as of December 2002). Anecdotal evidence suggests that global supply chains contributed to this diffusion, in the following sense. Firms in Europe were the first to seek ISO 9000 certification. They then required their suppliers to do likewise, including those abro...

Most of the issues regarding desertification are always related to soil fertility and water quality [1,2]. Hence United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seriously globalized the issues of desertification in 1992. The developed and developing including hilly mountainous countries are the conference of the parties and so as Nepal [3]. The catchments in hill and Himalayan reg...

This paper analyzes the effects of specific and ad valorem taxation in an industry with downstream and upstream oligopoly. We find that in the short run, i.e. when the number of firms in both markets is exogenous, the results concerning tax incidence tend to be qualitatively similar to models where the upstream market is perfectly competitive. However, both overand undershifting are more pronou...

The central premise of this paper is that collaboration, and more specifically e-collaboration, plays a major role in achieving a sustainable competitive edge. In particular, we propose here to examine the relative efficiency of electronic collaboration (e-collaboration) tools and to assess the impacts of these tools on the innovativeness and performance of individual firms positioned along an ...