Although mobile phone usage has proliferated in urban areas of developing countries, many rural or poor users remain completely unconnected, particularly in Africa. In this paper, we advocate an alternative “voice message mostly” mobile phone architecture to reach the next billion users. Using initial analyses of mobile phone usage and rural power data, we outline the potential benefits of swit...

A structured questionnaire was verbally administered individually to a random sample of the general population, 18 years of age and older, of rural and urban Chandigarh and of two villages in Jullundur district, Punjab. Out of a total of 1031 respondents, 23.7 percent were current users, 16.0 percent admitted of alcohol use in the past but were not current users, and 60.3 percent had never had ...

Many students in Botswana migrate from small rural villages and towns to the larger urban centres to attend university, and are subsequently required to adapt or acculturate to their new environments. However, the existing literature and research on acculturation experiences of students who migrate from rural-to-urban centres in Botswana is almost non-existent. The current study was therefore a...

BACKGROUND Dengue vaccines are now in late-stage development, and evaluation and robust estimates of dengue disease burden are needed to facilitate further development and introduction. In Cambodia, the national dengue case-definition only allows reporting of children less than 16 years of age, and little is known about dengue burden in rural areas and among older persons. To estimate the true ...

the metropolis – mashhad- is the biggest population center in the east of iran which has high dominate. because of different issues such as religious aspects, being the official and political center of state, high level of professional services and also for its industrial and commercial centralization. due to all these centralizations, it rolls out like a metropolis. it expanded continually and...

AIM To characterise the impact of rurality on the spread of pandemic influenza by exploring both the numbers of cases and deaths in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, from October 1918 to April 1919 inclusive. METHOD In addition to the numbers of influenza cases and deaths, population sizes were extracted from census data, permitting estimations of morbidity, mortality, and case fatality by 199 diff...

introduction census data of iran show that about 68.5% (1956) to 29% (2011) of rural population has decreased over the past half-century. rural population has rapidly declined over the last half century and is influenced by several factors, one of which is rural- urban migration. although the percentage of rural to urban migration (20%) and urban to rural one (17%) from 1996 to 2006 show less d...