An Empirical Analysis of Trade-Related Redistribution and the Political Viability of Free Trade Even if free trade creates net welfare gains for a country as a whole, the associated distributional implications can undermine the political viability of free trade. We show that trade-related redistribution increases the political viability of free trade in the US. We do so by assessing the causal ...

We find that trade and domestic market size are robust determinants of economic growth over the 1960-1996 period when trade openness is measured as the US dollar value of imports and exports relative to GDP in PPP US$ (“real openness”). When trade openness is measured as the US dollar value of imports and exports relative to GDP in exchange rate US$ (“nominal openness”) however, trade and the s...

make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Executive Summary Several domestic and international developments increased interest among the US dairy industry in world markets during the 1990s. One development was the passage of the NAFTA and Uruguay Round (URA) trade agreements in the mid-decade, a...

In the new era of Fourth Industrial Revolution, digitalization has progressively transformed manufacturing and further affected balance in international trade patterns. This study assesses whether how digital transformation contributes to imbalances. Using detailed industry-level data from US, this constructs an integrated evaluation measure level investigates ways which affects US–China imbala...