background: uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) are major bacterial agent of urinary tract infection (uti). this infection is more prevalent among women because approximately half of all women will experience a uti in their life-time and near a quarter of them will have a recurrent infection within 6–12 months. iuta protein has a major role during upec pathogenesis and consequently infection....

background: to assess the frequency and type of adverse events after influenza vaccination in iranian adults. methods: health care workers in 7 medical centers received the influenza vaccine from october 2006 to february 2007 and fol­lowed by phone regarding symptoms experienced after vaccination. results: of 897 adults who participated in the study, local and systemic reactions were reported b...

we conducted this study to determine the level of immunity after vaccination of lambs with whole bodyechinococcus granulosus. to do so, 200 mature e. granulosus parasites, which were kept in 10% formalinefor 8 months, were obtained from the department of parasitology, school of veterinary medicine, ferdowsiuniversity of mashhad. the soluble protein of the parasite was prepared. the sample was h...

hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a self-limiting disease caused by a 27-nm rna virus from the picorna virus family. its' transmission is primarily via the fecal-oral route. the disease is usually mild and anicteric in children, however the rate of the icteric form, severity, and mortality increase in adult life. the estimated case-fatality rate in age over 40 years is approximately 2%, whil...

various adjuvants in combination with different antigens have been utilized as a vaccine candidate against leishmaniasis. however, the search for ideal adjuvants is still pursued due to the inefficiencies of current compounds. in the present study, the effect of imiquimod, as an adjuvant, is studied with soluble leishmania antigens (sla) in balb/c mice. four groups of mice were immunized with s...

In refugee settings, the use of cholera vaccines is controversial since a mass vaccination campaign might disrupt other priority interventions. We therefore conducted a study to assess the feasibility of such a campaign using a two-dose oral cholera vaccine in a refugee camp. The campaign, using killed whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit cholera vaccine, was carried out in October 1997 among 44,00...

AIM To determine the effectiveness of serial influenza vaccination. SCOPE Studied in a Scottish GP population, the overall seroresponse rate increased with annual influenza vaccinations and after 5 years it increased from 45.1% to 93.3% for influenza virus A (H1) and from 48.4% to 98.3% for influenza virus A (H3). However, there was little boosting effect with further doses after becoming a s...

Background & Aims: Hepatitis B virus is one of the causes of acute and chronic hepatitis. Due to multiple hospitalization and blood transfusion, thalassaemic patients are at higher risk of this infection. Duration of the immunity after vaccination in this high-risk group and the need for booster vaccination is uncertain. The aim of this study was to find antibody titration and immunity to Hepat...