The Expanded Program on Immunization was designed 40 years ago for two types of vaccines: those that are heat stable but freeze sensitive and those that are stable to freezing but heat labile. A cold chain was developed for transport and storage of such vaccines and established in all countries, despite limited access to resources and electricity in the poorest areas. However, cold chain proble...

Single dose vaccines are highly preferable for both price and operational/logistic considerations, particularly when considering low income country settings. Therefore, it is understood that compelling data will be necessary from clinical trials that heterologous prime-boost combinations are required and are of added benefit to single dose vaccination regimens for initial efficacy and/or the du...

Epidemiological determinants of successful vaccine development were explored using measurable biological variables including antigenic stability and requirement of T-cell immunity. Employing a logistic regression model, we demonstrate that a high affinity with blood and immune cells and pathogen interactions (e.g. interference) would be the risk factors of failure for vaccine development.

brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen, and brucellosis is commonest zoonotic disease worldwide. brucella species, isolated from domestic animals, are important pathogen for humans. annually, more than 500,000 new cases of brucellosis are reported, and this figure is an underestimate due to extended under-reporting cases in several endemic countries. brucella has a variety of virulenc...