Ethnohistory, genetics and simulation are used to propose a new ‘budding model’ to describe the historical processes by which complex irrigation communities may come into existence. We review two alternative theories, Wittfogel’s top-down state-formation theory and common-pool resource management, and suggest that a budding model would better account for existing archaeological and ethnographic...

The study reports the development of a model for the generation of daily volumes and hourly discharge hydrographs, withdrawn from on-demand pressurised irrigation systems. The model is based on the simulation of the water budget at the level of each single hydrant. Under the hypothesis that the initial soil moisture is at field capacity, once the soil water reserve falls down a pre-defined limi...

The measurement of evapotranspiration is the most important factor in irrigation scheduling. Evapotranspiration means loss of water from the surface of plant and soil. Evaporation parameters are being used in studying water balances, water resource management, and irrigation system design and for estimating plant growth and height as well. Evapotranspiration is measured by different methods by ...

This project proposed an embedded system for automatic mist irrigation for cardamom field, which has a wireless sensor network for real time infield sensing and control of an irrigation system. This wireless system supports the cardamom field which has both plain and slope areas. Too much watering causes diseases to cardamom. This system provides uniform and required level of water for both pla...

An irrigation system is a hydraulic infrastructure that conveys water from the source to the consumers. The aim of the irrigation network design is to find the optimal pipe diameter for each pipe in the network for a given layout, demand loading conditions, and an operation policy. In this paper, we propose a model that uses Genetic Algorithm as an optimization scheme and link this algorithm wi...

In Australia gravity fed irrigation systems are critical infrastructure essential to agricultural production and export. By supplementing these large scale civil engineering systems with an appropriate information infrastructure, sensors, actuators and a communication network it is feasible to use systems engineering ideas to improve the exploitation of the irrigation system. This paper reports...

in order to investigate the response of cotton cultivars (gossypium hirsutum l.) to conventional-cropping and double-cropping systems a field experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized completely block design with three replications at gonabad agriculture and natural resources research station during growing season of 2009-2010. the treatments included of recommended planting da...

using medicinal plants as drug or spice in food have significantly increased in recent decades. also, production of this plants restricted by drought stress. therefor the aim of this was investigation of drought stress effect on fruit and essential oil yield of different endemic coriander genotypes. in this regard, 14 coriander genotypes subjected to two levels of water treatments in two separa...

Modern irrigation systems utilize sensors and actuators, interconnected together as a single entity. In such entities, A.I. algorithms are implemented, which are responsible for the irrigation process. In this paper, the authors present an irrigation Open Watering System (OWS) architecture that spatially clusters the irrigation process into autonomous irrigation sections. Authors’ OWS implement...

The review analysis of twenty two irrigation efficiency (IE) studies carried out in the Ebro River Basin shows that IE is low (average IE)(avg)(= 53%) in surface-irrigated areas with high-permeable and shallow soils inadequate for this irrigation system, high (IE)(avg)(= 79%) in surface-irrigated areas with appropriate soils for this system, and very high (IE)(avg)(= 94%) in modern, automated a...