Despite numerous studies concerning morphology and venom production and secretion in the main venom gland (and some data on the accessory gland) of the venom glandular apparatus of Viperidae snakes, the primary duct has been overlooked. We characterized the primary duct of the Bothrops jararaca snake by morphological analysis, immunohistochemistry and proteomics. The duct has a pseudostratified...

BACKGROUND Data on outcome of insect venom immunotherapy in children are rare. OBJECTIVE We investigated the rate of sting recurrence and outcome of Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis in children of different age groups treated with immunotherapy. METHODS Data from children consecutively referred for anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera venom were collected using a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Du...

Venoms are chemically complex secretions typically comprising numerous proteins and peptides with varied physiological activities. Functional characterization of venom proteins has important biomedical applications, including the identification of drug leads or probes for cellular receptors. Spiders are the most species rich clade of venomous organisms, but the venoms of only a few species are ...

objective(s): echis carinatus is one of the venomous snakes in iran. the venom of iranian echis carinatus is a rich source of protein with various factors affecting the plasma protein and blood coagulation factor. some of these proteins exhibit types of enzymatic activities. however, other items are proteins with no enzymatic activity.   materials and methods: in order to study the mechanism an...

background : in this study, we investigated the lethal potency, electrophoretic protein pattern and in vivo effects of hottentotta saulcyi scorpion venom in mice. methods : scorpions were collected at night, by using a uv lamp from mardin province, turkey. venom was obtained from mature h. saulcyi scorpions by electrical stimulation of the telson. the lethality of the venom was determined by i....

Objective(s): Scorpion venom has toxic effects on mammals, insects and crustaceans.  Toxicogenic peptides are major contributors to the scorpion venom, which make it toxic. The Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) is one of the most common scorpion bites agent, and responsible for 95% of scorpion bite deaths cases in Iran.Materials and Methods:</strong...

The venom of animals, including snakes, scorpions, and spiders is a complex combination of proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules as well as some minerals. Among the biomolecules of some animal’s venom, small peptides that lack disulfide bands known as Non-Disulfide Bridge Peptides (NDBPs) potentiate the bradykinin by preventing the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 using the mec...

background:envenomation by macrovipera lebetina (m. lebetina) is characterized by prominent local tissue damage, hemorrhage, abnormalities in the blood coagulation system, necrosis, and edema. however, the main cause of death after a bite by m. lebetina has been attributed to acute renal failure (arf). it is unclear whether the venom components have a direct or indirect action in causing arf. t...

  Objective(s): Echis carinatus is one of the venomous snakes in Iran. The venom of Iranian Echis carinatus is a rich source of protein with various factors affecting the plasma protein and blood coagulation factor. Some of these proteins exhibit types of enzymatic activities. However, other items are proteins with no enzymatic activity.   Materials and Methods: In order to study the mechanism ...

In recent years, use of biodegradable polymers based nanoparticles has received highinterest in the development of vaccines delivery vehicles. The aim of study was to preparechitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) for loading Echis carinatus (EC) venom and evaluate theirpotential as an adjuvant and antigen delivery system on a pilot scale. CS NPs were preparedusing ionic gelation method, and their char...