Two experiments examined the commonly held belief that regional varieties of German can be identified by intonational features alone. In both experiments, listeners were presented with regional intonational contours of German. In the first experiment, listeners judged contours of Hamburg urban vernacular compared with contours of Northern Standard German. In the second experiment, listeners jud...

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In its most basic form, latent growth modeling (latent curve analysis) allows an assessment of individuals’change in a measured variable X over time. For simple linear models, as with other growth models, parameter estimates associated with the α construct (amount of X at a chosen temporal reference point) and β construct (growth in X per unit time) are not invariant with respect to choice of r...

IN late medieval England, the number of persons literate in the vernacular was growing rapidly.' The same interest in self-improvement which led these people to learn to read also led them to seek out, or to sponsor the production of, works that would make available to them knowledge from both antique and earlier medieval sources knowledge to which as yet, for the most part, only those who coul...