OBJECTIVE Developing a vaccine that is cross-reactive between HCV genotypes requires data on T cell antigenic targets that extends beyond genotype-1. We characterised T cell immune responses against HCV genotype-3, the most common infecting genotype in the UK and Asia, and assessed within genotype and between genotype cross-reactivity. DESIGN T cell targets were identified in 140 subjects wit...

Rubella Virus (RV), which causes measles-like rashes in children, puts millions of infants at risk of congenital defects across the globe. Employing phylogenetic approaches to the whole genome sequence data and E1 glycoprotein sequence data, the present study reports the substitution rates and dates of emergence of all thirteen previously described rubella genotypes, and gains important insight...

The prevalence of concurrent multitypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is uncertain. A sensitive and specific approach to identifying minority HCV genotypes in blood is presented. Following serum extraction and reverse transcription PCR to amplify cDNA originating from the viral 5' noncoding region, the amplified product mixture was treated with genotype-specific restriction endonuclease to ...

hepatitis c is a major cause of liver related morbidity and mortality worldwide and represents a major public health problem. depending on genomic organization, the virus is divided into six genotypes and a number of subtypes. different genotypes are seen in different parts of the world. genotype one is difficult to treat, while genotypes 2 and 3 are easy to treat. therefore, identification of ...

The Genotyping tool at the National Center for Biotechnology Information is a web-based program that identifies the genotype (or subtype) of recombinant or non-recombinant viral nucleotide sequences. It works by using BLAST to compare a query sequence to a set of reference sequences for known genotypes. Predefined reference genotypes exist for three major viral pathogens: human immunodeficiency...

We have applied two different recombinant DNA techniques to the study of the epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infections. In the first application, cloned subfragments of viral DNA were used as probes to detect EBV DNA in a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and in lymphoid cell lines. Patients who are epidemiologically unrelated harbor EBV genotypes which can readily be distinguished f...

Background The clinical outcome of HBV infection is highly heterogeneous which correlates with viral factors such as genotypes, viremia and mutants. Evidences showed that HBV genotypes have a role in prevalence of variants, IFN therapy and disease severity. So far, 10 HBV genotypes (A to J) have been identified with distinct geographical distribution. Hence, knowledge of the genotype infecting ...

While once believed to represent a sterile environment, the human urinary tract harbors a unique cellular microbiota. We sought to determine whether the human urinary tract also is home to viral communities whose membership might reflect urinary tract health status. We recruited and sampled urine from 20 subjects, 10 subjects with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and 10 without UTIs, and found v...

INTRODUCTION Chronic hepatitis C cases diagnosed in Romania were mostly related to unsafe parenteral treatments and blood transfusions; HCV genotype 1b was prevalent. During the last decade, an increasing number of HCV infections was reported among people who inject drugs (PWID). The aim of the current study was to test if this epidemiological shift triggered a diversification of the circulatin...