purpose: to compare post-operative pain with cooling photorefractive keratectomy (prk) versus conventional prk. methods: a prospective clinical trial was performed on 94 eyes from 47 patients scheduled for prk. patients were randomly assigned to either cooling or conventional prk. pain was evaluated 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-operation using a visual analogue scale (vas). corneal haze, conjunc...

Little is known about the evolution of chronic pain in primary care. Forty five patients with a four week history of musculoskeletal pain were assessed and followed up over 26 weeks by a research nurse using a structured interview and formal assessment instruments. Patients aged 18 to 65 years were recruited on presentation at two semirural Cheshire general practices and subsequently interviewe...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare patients with low back and neck pain with respect to kinesiophobia, pain, and quality of life. [Subjects and Methods] Three-hundred patients with low back (mean age 43.2±11 years) and 300 with neck pain (mean age 42.8±10.2 years) were included in this study. Pain severity was evaluated by using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, which in...

Introduction: Facial expression to pain is an important pain indicator; however, facial movements look unresponsive when perceiving mild pain. The present study investigates whether pain magnitude modulates the relationship between subjective pain rating and an observer’s evaluation of facial expression.  Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain 108 samples for pa...

introduction: knee osteoarthritis (ko) is the most common joint disease for which there is no optimal treatment. monochromatic infrared photo energy (mipe) is a relatively new light modality used to reduce pain and increase circulation. low level laser therapy (lllt) is another light modality used to reduce pain in ko. methods: the aim of this study was to compare the effects of the mipe and ll...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy on pain intensity and functional capacity in patients with either peripheral neuropathic pain or central neuropathic pain. METHODS A total of 40 patients (20 with peripheral neuropathic pain and 20 with central neuropathic pain) were included in this study. Pain severity, pain quality, ...

[Purpose] This study investigated how types of lumbosacral orthoses applied to patients with chronic lumbar pain affect postural control and low back pain. [Subjects and Methods] Ten subjects were randomly selected and allocated to each a group wearing soft lumbosacral orthoses and a group wearing rigid lumbosacral orthoses. They wore the lumbosacral orthoses for 4 weeks. Pain index and postura...