Significant voltage levels can be induced in the gas pipelines due to power transmission lines in the areas where they share the same corridor, especially during a fault. These voltages can affect the operating personnel, pipeline associated equipment, cathodic protection and the pipeline itself. Quite often, mitigation is required to reduce these induced voltages to levels that are safe for pe...

We analyze a frequency decrease as well as a frequency transition with a temperature increase in the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) oscillator undergoing saddle homoclinic bifurcations. A gradient of frequency for temperature is derived by perturbation analysis of the stable HH oscillators, in combination with the other gradient of frequency for input current and a so-called phase response curve (PRC) mul...

In order to develop a fine angular beam steering technique (milliradian and less), we propose a nematic liquid crystal cell with a continuous gradient of the refractive index. This continuous gradient is controlled by applying the driving voltage to non-patterned indium-tin oxide electrodes. We employed the dual-frequency nematic liquid crystal in the cell with high pretilt alignment. The exper...

Reproducibility of electrophoretic runs depends on the maintenance of a smooth and constant voltage gradient within the supporting medium or separation chamber. Power packs to supply constant current or constant voltage as measured at the pack are readily available, but if such a pack is used with constant voltage, the proportion of the voltage drop available for the electrophoretic separation ...

Related Articles Analysis of a device model for organic pseudo-bilayer solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 112, 084511 (2012) Addition of regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene) to solution processed poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61butyric acid methyl ester graded bilayers to tune the vertical concentration gradient APL: Org. Electron. Photonics 5, 235 (2012) Addition of regiorandom poly(3-hexylthioph...

Electrostatic actuators are used as voltage-controlled oscillators or resonators in high frequency applications. The change in deflection of a cantilever beam due to an applied voltage leads to change in capacitance between the plates of the beam. However, the range of operation of these devices is limited due to the nonlinear nature of the applied electrostatic forces as the cantilever beam mo...

The biophysical mechanisms that give rise to direction selectivity in the retina remain uncertain. Current evidence suggests that the directional signal first arises within the dendrites of starburst amacrine cells (SBACs). Two models have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, one based on mutual inhibitory interactions between SBACs, and the other positing an intrinsic dendritic mechanism ...

We characterize the substate structure of current blockades produced when single-stranded polynucleotide molecules were electrophoretically driven into the alpha-hemolysin protein pore. We frequently observe substates where the ionic current is reduced by approximately 50%. Most of these substates can be associated with a molecular configuration where a polymer occupies only the vestibule regio...

The membrane potential, arising from uneven distribution of ions across cell membranes containing selectively permeable ion channels, is of fundamental importance to cell signaling. The necessity of maintaining the membrane potential may be appreciated by expressing Ohm's law as current = voltage/resistance and recognizing that no current flows when voltage = 0, i.e., transmembrane voltage grad...

The properties of rat and rabbit brain sodium (Na) channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes following either unfractionated or high-molecular-weight mRNA injections were compared to assess the relative contribution of different size messages to channel function. RNA was size-fractionated on a sucrose gradient and a high-molecular-weight fraction (7-10 kilobase) encoding the alpha-subunit gave rise...