Gravely calcareous soils cover approximately most of arid lands (in percent); however, the solute transport behavior in these soils remains a current issue. This research aimed at estimating and correlating the solute transport parameters in gravely calcareous soils as being affected by different land uses through the knowledge of the soil morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Four ...

Water movement in soils is a key process that aff ects water quantity and quality in the environment. Movement of contaminants in soils is closely linked with the soil water fl ux and it is very important to properly evaluate these processes that occur in vadose zone. With development of new technologies more attention is dedicated to the use of numerical models to assess water fl ow behavior a...

Water flow in plant tissues takes place in two different physical domains separated by semipermeable membranes: cell insides and cell walls. The assembly of all cell insides and cell walls are termed symplast and apoplast, respectively. Water transport is pressure driven in both, where osmosis plays an essential role in membrane crossing. In this paper, a microscopic model of water flow and tra...

Despite the success of reverse osmosis (RO) for water purification, the molecular-level physicochemical processes of contaminant rejection are not well understood. Here we carry out non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations on a model RO membrane to understand the mechanisms of transport and rejection of both ionic and inorganic contaminants in water. While it is commonly presumed t...

River topography is famously fractal, and the fractality of the sediment bed surface can produce scaling in solute residence time distributions. Empirical evidence showing the relationship between fractal bed topography and scaling of hyporheic travel times is still lacking. We performed experiments to make highresolution observations of streambed topography and solute transport over naturally ...

We perform an analytical study of the dynamics of a multi-solute model for water transport across a cell membrane under periodic fluctuations of the extracellular solute molalities. Under the presence of non-permeating intracellular solute, water volume experiences periodic oscillations if and only if the extracellular non-permeating solute molality is positive in the average. On the other hand...

This second part of the overview of reverse osmosis investigates the ability of membrane transport models, presented in Part 1, to describe and/or predict membrane performance under different operating conditions. The problem of using the transport models to describe mixed solute systems is also discussed. The emphasis is to provide a simple, practical, and yet comprehensive summary of the most...