This paper explores a variety of strategies for understanding the formation, structure, efficiency, and vulnerability of water distribution networks. Water supply systems are studied as spatially organized networks for which the practical applications of abstract evaluation methods are critically evaluated. Empirical data from benchmark networks are used to study the interplay between network s...

Water distribution systems (WDS) are complex pipe networks with looped and branching topologies that often comprise of thousands to tens of thousands of links and nodes. This work presents a generic framework for improved analysis and management of WDS by partitioning the system into smaller (almost) independent sub-systems with balanced loads and minimal number of interconnection. This paper c...

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1. Introduction Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) capable of supplying a sufficient quantity of potable water are one of the key infrastructures for a modern sustainable city. The service quality of WDSs is closely related to water conservation and various detrimental disturbances in WDSs, such as pipe bursts and leaks, will result in significant water loss. World-widely, it is reported that 11...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such as...

high concentration of nitrate is a prevalent problem in water resources. untreated wastewater due to municipal, industrial and agricultural activities is the main potential source of nitrate contamination of groundwater and surface water. the maximum permissible level of nitrate concentration has been established to be 45 mg/l by who and us–epa. health problems, such as methemoglobinemia in bab...