This chapter examines the investigation of possible waterborne outbreaks (due to drinking water) and, in particular, the role of laboratory analyses in the investigation. Outbreaks are the most obvious manifestation of waterborne disease, though not all such disease is associated with outbreaks. The detection and investigation of outbreaks provides some of the best insights into the microbial a...

As part of an intensified monitoring program for foodborne disease outbreaks in Finland, waterborne outbreaks were investigated for viruses. The diagnostic procedure included analysis of patients' stool samples by electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for noroviruses and astroviruses. When these test results were positive for a virus, the water sample ...

A critical comparison of studies that have investigated tissue accumulation and toxicity of TiO2-NPs in fish is necessary to resolve inconsistencies. The present study used identical TiO2-NPs, toxicological endpoints, and fish (juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) as previous studies that investigated waterborne and dietary toxicity of TiO2-NPs, and conducted a critical comparison of res...

The current article is a review of the public health risks attributable to waterborne pathogens in health care. The consequences of health care-associated infections (HAIs) are discussed. Not only are Legionella spp involved in HAIs, but also Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other gram-negative microorganisms, fungi, and amoeba-associated bacteria. This is particularly noteworthy among immunocompromised...

Chronic Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa. Male and female copepods were exposed (6 d) separately to different combinations of Cu concentration and water salinity (5, 15, and 30 ppt) using different routes of exposure (waterborne, waterborne plus dietborne, and dietborne). After exposure, groups of one male and three female copepods were allowed to reproduce for ...

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to control, 3 microg/L waterborne Cd, or 500 mg/kg dietary Cd in combination with either a control (20 mg/g Ca2+ as CaCO3) or elevated (60 mg/g Ca2+) Ca2+ diet for 28 d. No mortality or growth effects were observed in response to either route of Cd exposure, although fish fed Ca2+-supplemented diets exhibited minor reductions in growth w...

Waterborne diseases occur worldwide, and outbreaks caused by the contamination of community water systems have the potential to cause disease in large numbers of consumers. Waterborne outbreaks have economic consequences beyond the cost of health care for affected patients, their families and contacts, and the economic costs of illness and disease, as they also create a lack of confidence in po...

In Chapter 3, the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in animal populations was discussed. In the present Chapter, methods used to reduce these zoonotic pathogens in animal populations and their waste products are presented. However, it must be borne in mind that farm-level interventions are rarely primarily aimed at reducing risks associated with waterborne disease in humans; most commonly the ob...

One of the most important issues related to public health is parasitic diseases. Many diseases are zoonotic, emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, prevalent and difficult to control [1]. Some of these diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria, Chagas disease and so on are vectorborne causing by pathogens transmitted by arthropods [2-4]. Some others are foodor water-borne so that contaminated food or ...

Since perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) had been detected in eggs of seabirds and fish, toxicity of waterborne PFOS to embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was investigated. However, because assessment of effects by use of dietary exposure of adults is time-consuming and expensive, a study was conducted to compare effects on embryos via nanoinjection and waterborne exposure. Nanoinje...