We present communication frameworks, models, and protocols of smart grid Internet Things (IoT) networks based on the IEEE IEC standards. The measurement, control, monitoring being achieved through phasor measurement unit (PMU) wide area (WAM) framework. WAM framework applied standard C37.118 exchange protocol to collect data from various substation devices. existing frameworks include 61850 pro...

This article explores the application of Standard ZET-algorithm for gaps filling in Synchronized Phasor Measurement data assets received from Wide Area Systems. In spite apparent advantages, they have affecting accuracy solving power engineering tasks. Authors analysed reasons gap occurrence assets, provided experiments with voltage and current collected key points about ZET-algorithm.

In this chapter, the focus shifts away models with ‡exible wages and prices to models of sticky wages and prices. We begin this chapter with a simple example of a model with nominal wage rigidities that last for one period. We then review models that account for the observation that prices and wages may take several periods to adjust to changes in macroeconomic conditions. Time-dependent and st...

The purpose of this work is to assess and develop experimental techniques that allowwicking measurement over a wide range of textiles. Various kinds of fabrics, nonwoven layers and anelectro spinning nylon layer were used as the test materials. A syringe is used to drop a 0.02 g spot ofdistilled water on the sample and a digital camera to take pictures simultaneously. When the wickingprocess st...

abstract- the evaluation of leaf area and leaf nutritional value is important for crop growth modeling and estimations of its performance. the purpose of this study was to use image processing techniques to develop an economical method to ease the assessment of nutrient status and leaf area (la) of plants and to compare the outcomes of this method with linear models. leaf area and leaf chloroph...