A light and reliable aircraft has been the major goal of designers. It is imperative to design wing skins as efficiently possible since comprise more than fifty percent structural weight wing. The skin consists many different types material thickness configurations at various locations. Selecting a for each location perhaps most significant task. In this paper, we formulate discrete mathematica...

The time courses of wing and body kinematics of three freely hovering droneflies (Eristalis tenax) were measured using 3D high-speed video, and the morphological parameters of the wings and body of the insects were also measured. The measured wing kinematics was used in a Navier-Stokes solver to compute the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the insects. The time courses of the geometrica...

Intraspecific variation in size of widely distributed birds often agrees with modern interpretation of Bergmann’ s Rule; that is, size is correlated with a combination of climatic variables that includes temperature and/or moisture (James 1968, 1970, Power 1969). N or th ern races of birds are frequently larger (Mayr 1963:320), but the adaptive significance of increased size has been widely deb...

This paper investigates the preliminary wing design of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using a two step optimization approach. The first step is a single objective aerodynamic optimization whereas the second step is a coupled dual objective aerodynamic and structural optimization. In the single objective case, airfoil geometry is optimized to get maximum endurance parameter at a 2D level with max...

When an insect hovers or performs constant-speed flight, its wings flap at certain amplitude, frequency, angle of attack, etc., and the flight is balanced (vertical force equals to the weight, and horizontal force and pitch moment are zero). It is possible that when some other sets of values of wing kinematical parameters are used, the force and moment balance conditions can still be satisfied....

This article outlines a new control approach for flapping-wing micro-aerial vehicles (MAVs), inspired both by biological systems and by the need for lightweight actuation and control solutions. In our approach, the aerodynamic forces required for agile motions are achieved indirectly, by modifying passive impedance properties that couple motion of the power stroke to the angle of attack (AoA) o...

Carcass traits are important to the commercial chicken industry, and understanding the genetics of these traits will be useful in the development of commercially viable varieties of chickens. We conducted a genome-wide association study based on 8 carcass trait phenotypes in a population of 400 43-week-old Jinghai Yellow chickens. Specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing technology was used...

We have studied the passive maintenance of high angle of attack and its lift generation during the crane fly's flapping translation using a dynamically scaled model. Since the wing and the surrounding fluid interact with each other, the dynamic similarity between the model flight and actual insect flight was measured using not only the non-dimensional numbers for the fluid (the Reynolds and Str...