We show that the Graph Automorphism problem is ZPP-reducible to MKTP, the problem of minimizing time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity. MKTP has previously been studied in connection with the Minimum Circuit Size Problem (MCSP) and is often viewed as essentially a different encoding of MCSP. All prior reductions to MCSP have applied equally well to MKTP, and vice-versa, and all such reductions have...

In this paper we extend a key result of Nisan and Wigderson NW94] to the nondeterministic setting: for all > 0 we show that if there is a language in E = DTIME(2 O(n)) that is hard to approximate by nondeterministic circuits of size 2 n , then there is a pseudorandom generator that can be used to derandomize BP NP (in symbols, BP NP = NP). By applying this extension we are able to answer some o...

BACKGROUND The effects of lead exposure on thyroid function are unclear. METHODS Serum thyroxine (T4) was evaluated among 137 lead-exposed workers and 83 non-exposed workers. Free thyroxine (FT4) was evaluated among a subset of these workers. Exposure metrics included blood lead level (BLL), which reflects recent exposure, zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), a marker of intermediate-duration lead expo...

Let Fq be a finite field and f(x) ∈ Fq(x) be a rational function over Fq. The decision problem PermFunction consists of deciding whether f(x) induces a permutation on the elements of Fq. That is, we want to decide whether the corresponding map f : Fq 7→ Fq defined by a 7→ f(a) is a bijective mapping or not. This problem was known to be in ZPP but not known to be in P. We resolve the complexity ...

BACKGROUND Inadequate iron mobilization and defective iron utilization may cause recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) hyporesponsiveness in hemodialysis (HD) patients with iron overload. We have demonstrated that intravenous ascorbic acid (IVAA), but not intravenous iron medication, can effectively circumvent the functional iron-deficient erythropoiesis associated with iron overload in HD patients...

Lead plays a significant role in modern industry. This metal is related to a broad range of physiological, biochemical and behavioural dysfunctions. The genotoxic effects of lead have been studied both in animals and humans in in vitro systems but results were contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between DNA damage and occupational exposure to lead in workers....

Separations, Collapses, and Closure Properties Holger Spakowski1?, Mayur Thakur2??, and Rahul Tripathi2? ? ? 1 Institut für Informatik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. [email protected] 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. fthakur,[email protected] Abstract. We study the complexity of quantum c...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of air-drying pressure during ceramic primer coating on zirconia/resin bonding and the surface characteristics of the primed zirconia. METHODS Two ceramic primers (Clearfil Ceramic Primer, CCP, Kuraray Medical Inc. and Z-Prime Plus, ZPP, Bisco Inc.) were applied on the surface of air-abraded zirconia (Katana zirconia, Noritake) and dried at 4 different air...