The connection between written literature and its oral forms has long interested scholars. Literary scholars, however, have paid little attention to stuttering and its relationship to literature. The stutterer is keenly aware of the difficult world between the written and the spoken word; between the word on paper and speech itself.1 The stutterer accords his own speech an extraordinary degree ...

Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The 2 law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy toward complex biotic nonequili...

The main thing that prospective readers of a book want to know is whether the book is any good. Christopher Boehm’s book, Moral Origins: The Evolution of Virtue, Altruism, and Shame, is definitely a good read. It is interesting, informative, insightful, full of compelling examples, well-documented, and well-written, though somewhat repetitive in places. We recommend it to anyone interested in m...

The interplay between range expansion and concomitant diversification is of fundamental interest to evolutionary biologists, particularly when linked to intercontinental dispersal and/or large scale extinctions. The evolutionary history of true frogs has been characterized by circumglobal range expansion. As a lineage that survived the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event (EOEE), the group provide...

The premise of this symposium seems to be that something went wrong with AI. Otherwise things would be better. What would be better isn't stated. From my point of view what would have been decisively better is to have achieved human-level AI. However, I suspect some people of being disappointed that the AI companies didn't make enough money. Here are some considerations. 1. Understanding intell...

" That's one of the things that really surprised us, " said Williams. " The tropics have very little variability from year to year in temperature; they are a very stable climatic zone. So species that live in these climates expect a limited degree of variability. " Other studies have suggested that the Amazon basin, an extremely biologically rich region, may be at increased risk of forest fires...