Lipoteichoic acids (LTA), cell wall components of gram-positive bacteria, have been reported to induce various inflammatory mediators and to play a key role in gram-positive-microbe-mediated septic shock. In a large number of these studies, investigators used commercially available LTA purified from a variety of gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Str...

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major cell wall component and virulence factor of gram-positive bacteria. The present study investigated the LTA‑induced inflammatory response of BEAS‑2B human bronchial epithelial cells, and detected the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑8, IL‑1β, tumour necrosis factor‑α and monocyte chemotactic protein‑1, the upregulation of NF...

Teichoic acids (TAs) are anionic polymers that constitute a major component of the cell wall in most Gram-positive bacteria. Despite decades of study, their function has remained unclear. TAs are covalently linked either to the cell wall peptidoglycan (wall TA (WTA)) or to the membrane (lipo-TA (LTA)). We have characterized the key enzyme of LTA synthesis in Bacillus subtilis, LTA synthase (Lta...

BACKGROUND Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) represents a major virulence factor in gram-positive sepsis. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study we perfused isolated rat hearts for 180 minutes with highly purified LTA from Staphylococcus aureus. A progressive decline of left ventricular contractile function paralleled by the expression of myocardial tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA and pr...

BACKGROUND Haemolytic infection lyses red blood cells, releasing haemoglobin (Hb) into the plasma. Although recent studies showed that immune cells recognize redox-active cytotoxic extracellular Hb (metHb) bound to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), currently available information is limited to experiments performed in defined conditions using single cell lines. Therefore, a system...

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Recently, LTA-Se(1–8) samples with 1–8 Se atoms per cavity (simplified unit cell, large + sodalite cage) obtained via adsorption at the temperature of ∼450 °C were reported. It was shown that single Se8 or Se12 ring are formed in LTA cavities, Se8/Se12 concentration ratio decreasing an increase loading density. Contrary, present work, using vapour ∼550 °C, we succeeded encapsulation ∼17 (LTA-Se...

We have recently confirmed that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major constituent of the gram-positive bacterial surface, is the endotoxin of gram-positive bacteria that induces proinflammatory molecules in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner. LTA is an anionic amphipath whose physicochemical properties are similar to those of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is found on the outer leaflet ...

Capsule Background: Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Results: The P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) recruits filamin A to activate Rho signaling upstream of LTA secretion leading to intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Conclusion: P2Y2R regulates LTA gene activation and secretion in vascular smooth muscle cells. Significance: This suggests...