In many species of frog, the forelimb muscles important in amplexus are known to be much larger in males than in females. We studied this dimorphism in three forelimb muscles in the bullfrog [abductor indicus longus (AIL), flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR)] by testing their isometric contractile properties. One muscle that is not dimorphic, the extensor carpi ulnaris...

Genetic influences on anxiety disorders are well documented; however, the specific genes underlying these disorders remain largely unknown. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for conditioned fear and open field behavior, we used an F2 intercross (n = 490) and a 34th-generation advanced intercross line (AIL) (n = 687) from the LG/J and SM/J inbred mouse strains. The F2 provided strong sup...

A chicken 13K cDNA microarray was used to profile global gene expression after Salmonella enteritidis (SE) challenge of young chickens. Two F8 advanced intercross lines (AIL), broiler by Leghorn, and broiler by Fayoumi, were studied. Day-old chicks were orally inoculated with SE, and spleens were harvested at day 7 or 8 post-inoculation. The SE bacteria burden in the spleen was quantified. The ...

Sixty isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica from pigs belonging to 1A and 4 biotypes, and one non-typeable isolate were investigated in order to determine the occurrence of genes directly connected with pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica by using a multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR assay was based on the amplification of the ail, ystA, ystB, and yadA genes in one reaction. The bacterial adhesion t...

Yep-phi is a T7-related bacteriophage specific to Yersinia pestis, and it is routinely used in the identification of Y. pestis in China. Yep-phi infects Y. pestis grown at both 20°C and 37°C. It is inactive in other Yersinia species irrespective of the growth temperature. Based on phage adsorption, phage plaque formation, affinity chromatography, and Western blot assays, the outer membrane prot...

Abstract Background Identifying lignocellulose recalcitrant factors and exploring their genetic properties are essential for enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification in bioenergy crops. Despite modification of major wall polymers has been implemented reduced recalcitrance engineered crops, it could most cause a penalty plant growth yield. Alternatively, is increasingly considered to improve ...

During the development of B and T cells, a number of genes undergo rearrangement. In this paper we have studied the structure of the T cell gamma-chain gene in primary lymphomas and cell lines derived from patients with lymphoma. Samples derived from patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AIL), Lennert's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease were also examined. TcR gamma was rearranged in ...

f3 real. (See, for instance, [1], p. 224, ex. 4.) We offer the following proof whic h, although it also uses Bieberbach's result, is considerably different. PROOF: Let cP (z) J~ . Then cP sends the open unit disk into itself. Let cP 1= cP and inductively 1 a? define cPn=cP OcPlI t. If cPll(Z)=An,1 z+AIl,z Z2+ . .. ,it is clear that A"'=M' A I ,2= M' AII ,I = A", AIl I,t, and A II ,2 = AI ,I A n...