OBJECTIVES Tibia lead measurements were performed in a population of 19-29 year old people who had been highly exposed to lead in childhood to find whether lead had persisted in the bone matrix until adulthood. METHODS (109)Cd K x ray fluorescence was used to measure the tibia lead concentrations of 262 exposed subjects and 268 age and sex matched controls. Questionnaire data allowed a years ...

Heavy metal pollutions of aquatic ecosystems have already raised many concerns on aquaticorganisms’health and survival especially on their sperm. The effects of a single metal on sperm may be totallydifferent from cocktail of several metals because of their interactions, so the effects of zinc, cadmium andcalcium on the trout and carp sperms and their competition have been examined by incubatio...

heavy metal pollutions of aquatic ecosystems have already raised many concerns on aquaticorganisms’health and survival especially on their sperm. the effects of a single metal on sperm may be totallydifferent from cocktail of several metals because of their interactions, so the effects of zinc, cadmium andcalcium on the trout and carp sperms and their competition have been examined by incubatio...

Metallothioneins (MT) are common proteins in animal tissues. These proteins take part in the homeostasis of the ions of the metals which are necessary for the proper metabolism of the organism (zinc, copper), biosynthesis regulation and zincprotein activity (for example the activity of the zinc-dependant transcription factors) and they also take part in the detoxication of the tissue from toxic...

To better understand the distribution and elimination of inorganic mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) in fishes, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were administered either 6.4 micrograms/kg 203Hg as HgCl2 or 4.0 micrograms/kg 109Cd as CdCl2 via a dorsal aortic cannula. Blood, plasma, and red blood cells (RBCs) were serially sampled up to 156 (Hg) or 335 (Cd) days. The fraction of the injected do...

Metallothionein-I transgenic (MT-TG) mice have higher concentrations of MT in the stomach (10x), small intestine (4x), large intestine (6x), liver (15x), and kidney (5x) than control mice. The purpose of the present study was to use MT-TG mice to determine whether increased concentrations of MT affect cadmium (Cd) absorption and distribution. A single dose of 109Cd was given to control and MT-T...

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) introduced a national standard for air kerma strength of the ThreaSeed Model 200 103Pd source (the only 103Pd seed available until 1999) in early 1999. Correct implementation of the NIST-99 standard requires the use of dose rate constants normalized to this same standard. Prior to the availability of this standard, the vendor's calibrati...