Phonetics attempts to describe and understand how speech is produced and perceived; phonology attempts to understand the patterning—in general, the behavior—of speech sounds in particular languages and in all languages. Is phonetics part of phonology? This straightforward question has received various answers at different points in the history of linguistics. In this paper I attempt to document...

The article examines the language of historical document, Yarlïğ, message from Altïn Orda (The Golden Horde) Khan Toktamysh to Grand Duke Lithuania and then King Poland, Wladyslaw Jogaila, which was published approximately in 1393. In era Orda, Jochid rulers issued many decrees messages both for internal affairs external relations. These contain rich linguistic information. During rule there is...

هلاقم تاعلاطا هدیکچ لماک یشهوژپ هلاقم :تفایرد 23 دنفسا 1392 :شریذپ 15 تشهبیدرا 1393 :تیاس رد هئارا 19 رهم 1393 رد اب هلاقم نیا رد يور مسج لمح يارب ریسم بیقعت یقیبطت لرتنک ،مسج نتفرگ نیح رد مسج و تابر کی هجنپ نیب شزغل ناکما نتفرگ رظن کت تابر کی طسوت نیمز رارق یسررب دروم یتشگنا یسررب يارب یبسانم هنومن ،متسیس نیا .تسا هتفرگ شور ياه فلتخم لیلحت دننام یحارط لرتنک هدننک اه رد تابر متسیس ماسجا ...