The CTLA-4 pathway is a key regulator of T cell activation and a critical failsafe against autoimmunity. Although early models postulated that CTLA-4 transduced a negative signal, in vivo evidence suggests that CTLA-4 functions in a cell-extrinsic manner. That multiple cell-intrinsic mechanisms have been attributed to CTLA-4, yet its function in vivo appears to be cell-extrinsic, has been an on...

Abstract Virtual memory CD8 +T (CD8 VM) cells, a unique subset of cells bearing phenotypes, exist in naïve and even germ-free mice. Distinct from the conventional T VMcells are antigen-inexperienced but able to respond quickly cognate antigen-independent manner, thus could provide broad range innate-like protective effects. Our previous study showed that be expanded by type 2/interleukin-4 (IL-...

CTLA-4 was first identified in 1991 as a second receptor for the T cell costimulation ligand B7. Uncertainties about its biological function plagued the early years after its discovery until 1995, when it was confirmed to be an inhibitor of T cell responses. CTLA-4 has since scored in the clinic as a target for antitumor therapy and as a soluble inhibitor of autoimmunity.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4/CD152) is a member of the CD28 family of T cell effector antigens. Current belief, based primarily on results from gene-deleted mice, is that CTLA-4 promotes suppression of T cell proliferation. In this manuscript, Mark Slifka and colleagues compare antiviral responses of unmanipulated virus-specific CTLA-4 and CTLA-4 T cells. The results of this work su...

This research aims to assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant trastuzumab with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and docetaxel for treatment human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive metastatic gastric cancer. To conduct research, we recruited 80 patients having advanced cancers between January 2020 December 2021 admitted our institution randomly allocated them control observation grou...

OBJECTIVES To assess the use of post-salvage radiotherapy prostate-specific antigen for early prediction of biochemical failure or clinical recurrence after salvage radiotherapy in recurrent prostate cancer patients after prostatectomy. METHODS From 2000 to 2011, 164 patients were treated with salvage radiotherapy alone for recurrent prostate cancer. Patients who received androgen deprivation...