Background: The existence of moral challenges resulting from political, social and economic crises is an inevitable issue of any society and government. Challenges are not urgent, they gradually turn into crises, and can ultimately pose a serious threat to the sovereignty. The Qajar government was in such a situation, especially after the Constitutional Revolution. Political crises and its inte...

the historical background of the dastgāh concept, and the process through which it replaced the maqām system, still remains a major question in the history of persian music. it is usually vaguely assumed that both concepts of the dastgāh and the radīf were introduced to persian music during the qajar era. the present paper is a first attempt to shed light on the issue through a historical music...

Handwoven carpets as one of the main export items Iran during Qajar period underwent significant integration with world economy after a series foreign companies were established. As result, design, pattern, dyeing, and even weaving techniques changed significantly. There have not been enough considerations all these effects so far. We investigate such process had on Iranian (patterns, sizes, co...

Lifestyle is a concept that generally includes social, economic, and cultural components. It has a great influence on introduction of behavior and attitudes of people in a community. According to various scholars, lifestyle is closely related to the quality of life. An example of lifestyle is quality of location and living space affecting the architecture of house interior. This study aimed at ...

the presence of european physicians in iran during the qajar period had political and religious dimensions, in addition to its health aspects. different segments of iranian society had a very hard life due to the increasing epidemics and relative ineffectiveness of traditional medicine in the treatment of diseases. being accomplished through an analytic-descriptive method, the present research ...

the fars tribes living during the zand and qajar dynasties served as some politically and socially influential groups of their period. when the revenues of a tribe did not suffice their necessities, they would attack other cities, mainly shiraz, where there were abundant wealth and goods, and they would plunder, pillage and murder everywhere. shiraz was the political center of iran during the z...