Evaluation of the vertical diffusion coefficients from ERA-40 with Rn simulations D. J. L. Olivié , P. F. J. van Velthoven, and A. C. M. Beljaars Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, The Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK Received: 15 June 2004 – Accepted: 15 July 2004 – Publi...


 The reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtafī (r. 1136–1160) was one great historical significance. Despite his having been chosen and elevated to caliphate by Seljuq sultans during nadir power, after they had murdered deposed another, it who finally succeeded in reestablishing political rule over Iraq. This article traces course al-Muqtafī’s relations with sultans, analyzes how why he revi...

human history has been witness to the emergence of great men and women who illustrated the sufferings and wishes of mankind. they have bravely put in hard effort to resist long-standing and reactionary traditions of their own society and to fight oppressors, and at the same time, the comfort-seeking opportunists have endeavored to derail their efforts and to project a tarnished image of these c...

traces of a class of social science and a philosophical interpretation of history could be found in the writings of famous religious and political figures as well as in some of acclaimed poets’ works of islamic era. in this regard, poems of ibn motaz, as a member of abbasid family and because of extensive tribal struggles between abbasids and alavis, are of considerable significance and are con...

researches support that color is like a force that affects on nervous system and this effect is not less than music and sometimes it may be more than that. poets throughout history have shown great interest in color, but this interest varies from time to time. as at pre-islamic era, color was used in its original meaning in most situations and this view has slowly gone toward using color in sym...

feasts and festivals are ceremonies held by various peoples and nations in order to put on display their indigenous and unique cultures. persian peoples, too, have their own unique and peculiar customs while celebrating norooz festival, just like arabs who observe their own festivities during eid al-fitr and eid al-adha or the beginning of the lunar calendar or year; and so do christians, jews,...

the ancient iranian prophet, manese, rose in the early days of the establishment of the sassanid empire. by mixing the customs and rituals of various religions such as christianity, judaism, buddhism and hinduism, it easily managed to approach the different nations in every region around iran and gather a large number of following. through intense opposition by the zoroastrian magi, however, ma...

although experts and historians hardly share the same opinion over the first signs of hisbat (hisbat) in the history of islam, by looking at the history of islam, the creation of hisbat system can be sought in madinat-ai-nabi in the prophet era. and whereas the hisbat system, in this period of time, was not popular and organized like what was shaped in the abbasid era, it established a structur...