TTF-1 and PAX-8 are tissue-specific transcription factors expressed in the thyroid follicular cells, contributing to the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype. In fact, it has been demonstrated that TTF-1 and PAX-8 are able to activate transcription from thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase (TPO) promoters, the transcriptional activity of which is in vivo restricted only to the thyroid folli...

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. The presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents diagnostic therapeutic drugs from penetrating working in GBM. In traditional surgical treatment, it difficult to completely distinguish boundary between surrounding normal tissue, resulting incomplete resection tumor. Therefore, diagnosis...

Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) are the most common type of thyroid malignancy. Most PTC carry one of the two mutations, RET/PTC rearrangement or BRAF mutation. Both mutations are able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) signaling transduction pathway leading to cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. PD03259...

An 11 year old female presents with a 6-week history of double and blurred vision associated headaches neck swelling. Thyroid function tests demonstrated antibody negative hypothyroidism. In addition, connective tissue disorder screening was negative. The patient commenced on thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).

PURPOSE Although follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) has a relatively fair prognosis, distant metastasis sometimes results in poor prognosis and survival. There is little understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the aggressiveness potential of thyroid cancer. We showed that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced aggressiveness in FTC cells and identified the underlying mechanism of the...

CONTEXT Structural instability due to poor soft tissue quality often requires augmentation. Allografts are important biological substitutes that are used for the symptomatic patient in the reconstruction of deficient ligaments, tendons, menisci, and osteochondral defects. Interest in the clinical application of allografts has arisen from the demand to obtain stable anatomy with restoration of f...

The presence of adipose tissue in the thyroid gland is a rare finding. Thyrolipoma or adenolipoma of the thyroid is a benign, encapsulated lesion of the thyroid composed of variable amounts of fat and glandular elements. This report presents a case of thyrolipoma in a 69-yr-old female presenting with neck swelling and respiratory distress. Differential diagnosis of the fat-containing thyroid le...

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common histological thyroid cancer, accounting for approximately 80% of thyroid cancers. Although PTC is highly curable, some patients encounter high rates of morbidity and mortality. BRAF V600E mutations are the most common genetic mutation in PTC and the relationship between BRAF V600E mutations and PTC has recently been a focus of research. The a...

ectopic thyroid tissue (ett) is a rare entity and a challenging differential diagnosis. this is a report of a case of a mediastinal mass that was found to be an ectopic mediastinal thyroid tissue, in a 77-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital for breast cancer management. the mediastinal mass was identified in the postsurgical computed tomography (ct) scan of the chest and was suspect...