BACKGROUND Precise control of anesthetic depth during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is crucial because most intravenous anesthetics have anticonvulsant effects. In this study, we investigated the association between anesthetic depth measured by the Alaris auditory evoked potential index (AAI) and seizure inducibility and seizure duration during ECT. METHODS Sixty-four ECTs were evaluated in...

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the legs, measured noninvasively by the ankle-arm index (AAI) is associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors. To determine risk of total mortality, coronary heart disease, or stroke mortality and incident versus recurrent CVD associated with a low AAI, we examined the relationship of the AAI to subsequent CVD events ...

We present measurements of the wavelength dependence of the aerosol absorption coefficient taken during the TARFOX experiment over the Northern Atlantic. The data show an approximate λ variation between 0.40 μm and 1.0 μm. We explore the theoretical basis of the wavelength variation of the absorption of solar radiation by elemental carbon (or black carbon, BC). For a wavelength independent refr...

Satellite retrievals of cloud optical depth and effective radius are shown to be underestimated in the South Atlantic Ocean, where biomass-burning aerosols typically reside above low-level, liquid water stratocumulus clouds. A radiative transfer model is used to calculate top of the atmosphere (TOA) reflectances for a case where an aerosol layer is elevated above a liquid cloud in the South Atl...

[1] The partitioning of semi-volatile compounds between the gas and particle phase influences the mass, size and chemical composition of the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formed. Here we investigate the partitioning of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and the formation of SOA in Los Angeles (LA), California and Atlanta, Georgia; urban regions where anthropogenic volatile organic compound ...

The direct radiative effect of absorbing aerosols consists of absorption-induced atmospheric heating together with scatteringand absorption-induced surface cooling. It is thus important to understand whether some of the reported climate impacts of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols are mainly due to the coexistence of these two opposite effects and to what extent the nonlinearity raised from such...

The present study is the first attempt to examine temporal and spatial characteristics of aerosol properties and classify their modes over Iran. The data used in this study include the records of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Angstrom Exponent (AE) from MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Aerosol Index (AI) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), obtained from 2005 t...

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures

Abstract Over the coming decades, it is expected that spatial pattern of anthropogenic aerosol will change dramatically and global composition become relatively more absorbing. Yet, climatic impact this evolving absorbing has received little attention, in particular its on global-mean effective radiative forcing. Here, using model experiments, we show forcing from varies strongly depending thei...

The basic premise behind the retrieval is to iterate the mixing ratios of two aerosol models for each size mode. (Weakly and a strongly absorbing aerosol models are used for the fine mode, sea salt and dust models are used for the coarse mode.) Ideally, the retrieval will produce the mixing ratios that best describe the measured radiances at 3-4 wavelengths. (The mixing ratio of dust and sea sa...