We present a multi-modal, model-theoretic framework for achieving accountability in multi-agent systems through formal proof. Our framework provides modalities for knowledge, provability, and time. With these modalities, we formalise the two main aspects of accountability, which are: soundness (accountability proper), i.e., for correct agents, the provability of their correctness by themselves;...

This paper describes vertical scaling as a method for linking a set of test forms of increasing difficulty, and explores the applicability of these methods for standards-based educational achievement tests under status-based and growth-based accountability priorities. The purpose of the paper is to inform state policy-makers and assessment and accountability specialists about vertical scaling m...

I T is commonplace to talk about education in the United States as 50 separate educational systems. The vast differences in state accountability systems exemplify that characterization, with virtually no two comparable assessment programs at this point in time. Unfortunately, this variation results in our learning less from research on state testing programs than we would hope. Nevertheless, gi...

the united nations (un) sustainable development agenda offers an opportunity to realise the right to health for all. the agenda’s “interlinked and integrated” sustainable development goals (sdgs) provide the prospect of focusing attention and mobilising resources not just for the provision of health services through universal health coverage (uhc), but also for addressing the underlying social,...

The following view of accountability-the guidance approach-is the view closest to my heart. It took me 600-odd pages to explain it elsewhere." Here I will simply susgcst its chief points relevant to the issue at hand. Accountability is based on a variety of interacting forces, not one lone attribute or mechanism. The direction health administrators take, in accountability as in other matters, i...

In experimental investigations of the effect of real incentives, accountability—the implicit or explicit expectation of a decision maker that she may have to justify her decisions in front of somebody else—is often confounded with the incentives themselves. This confounding of accountability with incentives makes causal attributions of any effects found problematic. We separate accountability a...

In contemporary public governance, leaders of organizations are faced with multiple, and oftentimes conflictual, accountability claims. Drawing upon a survey CEO’s agencies in seven countries, we explore whether how conflictual regimes relate to strategic behaviors by agency-CEO’s their political principals. The presence is experienced as major challenge associated important behavioral response...

Voluntary accountability is widely documented. Yet, the concept does not sit comfortably within prevailing frameworks that conceptualize as an obligation. This paper sets out to update our understanding of by explicitly embedding this phenomenon broader conceptual structure public accountability. It demonstrates how proposed framework can help us distinguish between voluntary and related, but d...