objective: drug craving is defined as an urge to continue substance abuse. drug dependents use different terms to express their subjective feeling of craving. this study was an attempt to generate an understanding of craving terminology among different groups of persian speaking iranian opiate dependents. method: terms used for the meaning of drug craving were listed by 36 ex-opiate dependents ...

We develop a theoretical basis for integration and segregation of multiple outcomes with underlying S-shaped value functions. Our theoretical findings suggest that Thaler’ principles of mental accounting work as postulated when we deal with events having only positive outcomes (gains) or only negative ones (losses). In the case of ‘mixed’ events with positive and negative outcomes, determining ...

The object of the model ProFarm is the identification of the excellent production scheme in plant production in consideration of local characteristics. First the contribution margin accounting will be calculated based on an estimation of the yield potential. Finally the economically excellent production scheme will be determined on the base of the contribution margin.

Middle East countries have begun to implement economic reforms to stimulate private investment, promote economic growth and support the transition to market economy. Although, it is difficult to define the direct impact of the accounting system reform on economic transformation, as there are many other conditions that have influence on the transition process. However, with the central position ...