darius offered the political order of “king of kings” to solve the political crisis of his era. he legitimized it based on an order of gods. in his belief, the nature of politics was based on a dualistic religious worldview that is the fight between true divinity and false divinity’s will and performance in the world. in addition, the chief true divinity’s law was introduced as the principle or...

the dabuyids is a local dynasty who managed to dominate over an area known as padashwargar for more than a century. they came to power when on the one hand the sassanid empire was on the decline, and on the other hand the arab invasion had become irresistible. however, the dabuyids managed to take root in such circumstances and survive powerfully for a long time. the dabuyids even remained aliv...

in a structural analysis, the “rebellion & decline” theme creates a narrative structure in which eleven stories of shāhnāmeh – equal to 3.18 per cent of the whole epic – are included, which makes it the tenth largest sequence of the shāhnāmeh. this narrative structure (sequence) consists of initial tranquillity, the king’s rebellion, his decline, and ultimate tranquillity. the epical theme of r...

The article is an expanded version of a paper that the Author had presented at symposium on Sardis in Hellenistic period 2017. Thanks to this re-working original (and already published) paper, can trace extremely rich portrait Gordion within and between Achaemenid periods, summarizing published unpublished archaeological, historical environmental evidence interconnected social, economic, religi...

achaemenid ruled over a vast territory, to which included asia minor (modern turkey), that was conquered during cyrus the great campaign to lydia. following this its cities was added to persian satrapies. the name of all the persian satrapies was not mentioned in achaemenid official texts, because achaemenid political style was in this way that the conquered areas came under the central power c...

various opinions have been put forward about achaemenian beliefs and thoughts, especially about the religious beliefs of the achaemenian kings such as cyrus the great. scholars rely on herodotus’s statements that “they didn’t look at building temples and altars as a religious tradition, they refer believing in these things as ignorance and foolishness in the converse opinion to greeks. they did...