Diagnosis and management of acid-base disorders ranks high among the medical problems that intimidate many physicians. In practice, acid-base disorders can be approached very systematically as they can be easily diagnosed when certain rules are applied. Using a four step process including, 1) determination the serum pH, 2) calculation of the serum anion gap, 3) estimating the degree of compensa...

Chemical Buffering Extracellular buffers, including plasma proteins, phosphates, and bicarbonate, are the earliest defense against acidosis. The most prominent extracellular buffer is bicarbonate, which is highly abundant and acts as a dynamic buffer by independently regulating Pco2 through changes in alveolar ventilation. This feature increases buffering capacity by more than 10-fold. Bufferin...

The study aimed at determining the effect of acid modified porcine mucin powder on the release and permeation of insulin in transdermal patches. Various batches of insulin patches were prepared by solvent casting method using polysorbate 80 as emulsifying agent and acid treated and untreated mucin powders as base. The patches were evaluated for their physical properties, folding endurance, moi...