abortion traditionally means miscarriage and is still known as a problem, which societies have been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. despite the fact that  pregnant women and fetuses have been historically supported;  abortion  was firstly criminalized in 1926 in iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system. during next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, t...

To provide insight on system security and aid decision-makers, we propose a method to quantitatively evaluate the strength of a system’s security. Our approach is to create an executable state-based security model of the system under attack. In this paper, we focus on the development of the adversary attack behavior model, which is one part of the overall security model. We show how three key a...

The ADversary VIew Security Evaluation (ADVISE) model formalism provides a system security model from the perspective of an adversary. An ADVISE atomic model consists of an attack execution graph (AEG) composed of attack steps, system state variables, and attack goals, as well as an adversary profile that defines the abilities and interests of a particular adversary. The ADVISE formalism has be...

This paper revisits the conventional notion of security, and champions a paradigm shift in the way that security should be viewed: we argue that the fundamental notion of security should naturally be one that actively aims for the root of the security problem: the malicious (human-terminated) adversary. To that end, we propose the notion of adversarial security where non-malicious parties and t...

—Any linear code can be used to construct a linear secret sharing scheme. In this paper, it is shown how to decide optimal linear codes (i.e., with the biggest information rate) realizing a given access structure over finite fields. It amounts to solving a system of quadratic equations constructed from the given access structure and the corresponding adversary structure. The system becomes a li...

hans kelsen is one of the most famous legal philosophers in the entire world that his legal thoughts have always been drawing attention and critics. pure theory of law, unity of law system and logic of law system are his the most famous theories . in this article, we put forward these theories and challenge them.