This paper theoretically and empirically analyzes how the taxation of financial services under VAT (‘financial VAT’) influences trade openness. The empirical analysis uses data from OECD 36 European Union countries for period 1960–2019. Dynamic panel techniques are used, concretely GMM System, an unbalanced is handled. results corroborate that VAT, in particular ‘option-to-tax’ method applied b...

on one hand, iran due to the low annual rainfall and lack of appropriate spatial and temporal distribution in precipitation is considered as an arid and semi-arid country experiencing stress and water scarcity; on the other hand, 90% of annual water consumption has been allocated to agriculture sector in iran and efficiency and productivity of water consumption do not enjoy favorable status in ...

The importance of a country’s international trade is relevant for a multitude of questions in the economic research, since international dependences influence most economical variables of a country. Usually, the concept of openness degree of an economy is used to represent this international interlocking of trade, where previous studies applied mainly output-oriented operationalizations of the ...

In recent decades, many countries have adopted, to various degrees, the ideologies of commercial and republican liberalism. One salient aspect of the spread of commercial liberalism in the world has been the growth in international trade. The spread of republican liberalism has manifested itself by the rise in the level of democracy in countries over time. What are the implications of trade and...

This study examines dynamic interrelationships and causality relationships among CO2 emissions, economic, political and financial variables over the period of 1971-2011 for the case of Iran as one of the top CO2 emitting countries in the world. The results of ARDL and Johansen cointegration approaches confirm the existence of long run relationship among CO2 emissions, energy consumption, GDP, f...

This study investigates factors affecting tourism demands in Selected OIC Countries for the period of 2004 to 2016. The economic variables used in this study are tourist receipts, GDP per capita, real exchange rate, population, Trade openness and Consumer Price Index. GLS method is applied in the research model in order to investigate the relationship between tourist receipts, GDP per capita, r...

Several recent papers have argued that trade and financial development may be linked, either for political economy reasons, or because foreign competition and exposure to shocks lead to changes in the demand for external finance. In this paper we use the cross-country and time-series variation in openness to study the relationship between trade and finance in more detail. Our results suggest th...

Very few issues are more contentious today than the effects of trade policy on the rate of economic growth and poverty in developing countries. The paper investigates the relationship between trade barriers and growth using a dynamic panel regression model for data on 48 developing countries over 1980-1999. Trade barriers are captured by measures of tariffs, import and export taxes. Particular ...

many studies indicate that trade costs are large and significant. the question is whether trade costs could explain the size of the trade and shed light on the mystery of missing trade. in this framework, this paper studies 73 developing countries in the period 2005-2011. the results of our panel data analysis signify that “the pecuniary costs of trade” and “the number of necessary documents” a...