At thebeginningof thehuman immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) epidemic 30years ago, themainmethods for preventionwere cleanneedlesandcondoms.Eventhoughtheseavailablemethods would work, their success was completely dependent on human behavior. However, over the past decade, biomedical prevention of HIV has come of age, in the wake of the extraordinary success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treatme...

Newly Recognized Serous Macular Detachment in Retinal Vascular Disease Serous macular detachment has only recently been recognized to occur in a significant number of eyes with retinal vascular leakage, including diabetic macular edema,1,2 branch retinal vein occlusion,3–5 central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO),6 and hypotony maculopathy.7 These serous retinal detachments associated with retinal...

Overweight and hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality1,2; both are associated with decline in cognitive performance.3,4 We know that exercise is associated with modest reductions in blood pressure (BP) and that weight loss results in even larger, clinically important reductions in BP.5 What we did not know, before a report6 in this issue of Hypertension, ...

febrile illness caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi1. Morphologically the bacterium is a gram-negative bacillus, measuring approximately 0.5 μm wide and 1.2–3 μm in length2. The disease is maintained in nature by rodents, and in vectors by transovarial transmission3. Clinical diagnosis of scrub typhus is often difficult due to overlapping signs and symptoms with other tropical febril...

5-Aminolevulenic acid (ALA) is a naturally occurring compound in all living mammalian cells.13 ALA is formed within the mitochondria from glycine and metabolized along a pathway in the cytosol and mitochondria into protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) before combining with ferrous to form heme.6,12,14,15 The transformation from PpIX to heme is a rate-limiting step in all tumor cells leading to accumulation...

In the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke, CT images are often normal or show subtle changes only. On the contrary, diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) can reveal the ischemic lesion in its full extent within minutes only in experimental studies1 and as soon as a patient is available for imaging in clinical studies.2 As new therapeutic options for ischemic stroke have appeared3–5 and more of them are...

"watershed effect," finding 10 to 15 years ofproblems all in 2 years due to an enhanced technology, or the common effect of increased findings that happens with many new screening or casefinding programs. In any event, as a direct result of screening sigmoidoscopies, three patients have had their cancers diagnosed at an earlier time than would have otherwise happened. Most importantly, four to ...

Pregnancy Is an Essential Spontaneous Screening Stress Test for the Risk of Early Stroke in Women To the Editor: Boden-Albala et al1 evaluated the effect of the metabolic syndrome on stroke risk in a 3298 stroke-free community residents prospectively followed-up for a mean of 6.4 years. They observed that this risk was greater among women (hazard ratios 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.1) than men (hazard...

Fractures which unite Nearly 90% of scaphoid fractures unite with conservative treatment2,3 and the overall clinical impression is that patients continue to progress well and remain free of symptoms. However, they are rarely followed up after the fracture has united. Dias, Brenkel and Finlay4 followed up patients for between 1.7 and 2.6 years and found that 20% had some pain and 19% tenderness,...