Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40-80 wt %) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas ph...

Little is known about the chemical reactions involved in the conversion of carbohydrate to fatty acids. Hypothetical schemes have been abundant, and have included aldol condensation of acetaldehyde (Magnus-Levy2"), aldol condensation of acetaldehyde with pyruvic acid (Smedley,30 Smedley and Lubrzynska81), direct condensation of hexoses (Fischer1"), and other possibilities (Hilditch15). The lack...

2,2,2-Trichloro-1-aryl-ethanones can be reduced by RMgX to the corresponding 2,2-dichloro-1-arylethen-1-olates and trapped with a range of electrophiles resulting in either reduction, reduction/aldol, reduction/Claisen condensation or reduction/aldol-Tishchenko products. In addition we demonstrate that 2,2-dichloro-1-arylethen-1-olates undergo counter-ion controlled Darzens condensations, which...

The aldol condensation of furfural and acetone is considered a promising method for the production liquid fuel intermediates. 4-(2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (FAc) 1,5-di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one (F2Ac) are main products reaction, which can go through hydrodeoxygenation process to convert diesel jet range fuels. Considering present situation at fuel-market related crude oil shortage, above-menti...

Aldol condensation reaction between 3-indolaldehyde 1 and 4-methoxyacetophenone 2 afforded chalcone compounds 3. This compound was reacted with some different reagents such as hydrazine hydrate, phenyl hydrazine, thiosemicarbazide, hydroxylamine, ethyl cyanoacetate, urea and thiourea to give pyrazolines 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6, oxazoline 7, Michael adduct 8, pyranone 9, and oxo 14a and thiopyrimidine...

Microwave assisted new aldol condensation reaction of 1-oxo-1,2,3,4tetrahydrocarbazoles 1 with thiophene-2-carbaldehyde 2 in the presence of alcoholic KOH affords a single product 2-Thiophen-2-ylmethylene-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-carbazol-1-one 3. 3 on irradiation with hydroxylamine hydrochloride yielded 3-Thiophen-2-yl-4,5-dihydro-10H-2-oxa-1,10-diazacyclopenta[a]carbazole 4 and 3 on irradiation wit...

Acid-base bifunctional organic polymeric catalysts were synthesized with tunable structures. we demonstrated two synthesis approaches for structural fine-tune. In the first case, the framework flexibility was tuned by changing the ratio of rigid blocks to flexible blocks within the polymer framework. In the second case, we precisely adjusted the acid-base distance by distributing basic monomers...

Traditionally, bio-butanol is produced with the ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) process using Clostridium species to ferment sugars from biomass. However, the route is associated with some disadvantages such as low butanol yield and by-product formation (acetone and ethanol). On the other hand, butanol can be directly produced from ethanol through aldol condensation over metal oxides/ hydroxyapat...

An unexpected yet disciplined course of catalytic Mukaiyama-aldol reaction instead of the expected vinylogous Mukaiyama-aldol reaction has been observed for the reaction of silyloxyfuran with various aldehydes under Lewis acid catalytic control in water-containing solvents.