The defective acute leukemia viruses avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and E26 virus each contain an inserted cellular sequence related to the same highly conserved cellular gene, proto-amv. The oncogenes of these two retroviruses differ from this cellular proto-oncogene in gene structure, transcript structure, and gene product. The product of the AMV oncogene (myb) is a 48,000 Mr protein, p48my...

The Earth formed through accretion of planetesimals in 1–100 million years. Planetesimal impacts induce degassing, melting, and vaporization during accretion. The impact degassing, as well as the gravitational capture of the surrounding solar nebula gas, formed the proto-atmosphere on a growing Earth. The impact of heating and the blanketing effect of the proto-atmosphere resulted in the meltin...

We consider an information-theoretic model studying the conditions when a separation between the dynamics of a ’proto-cell’ and its proto-symbolic representation becomes beneficial in terms of preserving the proto-cell’s information in a noisy environment. In particular, we are interested in understanding the behaviour at the “error threshold” level which, in our case, turns out to be a whole “...

The accumulation of genetic damage in the forms of activated proto-oncogenes and inactivated tumor-suppressor genes is the driving force in the evolution of a normal cell to a malignant cell. For example, both the activation of ras oncogenes and the inactivation of several suppressor genes, including p53, have been observed in the development of human colon and lung tumors. Point mutations in k...

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) inhibitors and other com pounds which block o r stim­ ulate the porphyrin pathway can cause sufficient levels o f porphyrins to accum ulate in plant tissues for severe photodynam ic dam age to occur. The gross sym ptom ology for all o f these p o r­ phyrinogenic herbicides is similar. Porphyrin accum ulation induced by three porphyrinogenic herbicides acifluo...

The 20 known transforming (onc) genes of retroviruses are defined by sequences that are transduced from cellular genes termed protooncogenes or cellular oncogenes. Based on these sequences, viral onc genes have been postulated to be transduced cellular cancer genes, and proto-onc genes have been postulated to be latent cancer genes that can be activated from within the cell to cause virus-negat...

This paper presents a novel semi-automatic translation method for the Phaistos Disk that had no convincing translation for over a century. The method uses for a recently discovered connection between the Phaistos Disk symbols and other ancient scripts, including the Old Hungarian alphabet. The connection between the Phaistos Disk script and the Old Hungarian alphabet suggested the possibility t...

A few nucleotide sites of nuclear exons that flank introns are often conserved. A hypothesis has suggested that these sites, called "proto-splice sites," are remnants of recognition signals for the insertion of introns in the early evolution of eukaryotic genes. This notion of proto-splice sites has been an important basis for the insertional theory of introns. This hypothesis predicts that the...