Classically defined infectious disease epidemiology is being upended by the replacement of low-resolution phenotypic and molecular technologies with highresolution whole-genome shotgun sequencing of pathogens. The evolution of molecular epidemiology has been under way for 10 years, but the speed of the transition has recently quickened. Previously unrecognized pathogen reservoirs and modes of t...

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution with major incidence in the tropics. In New Caledonia, it has been studied for years and is regarded as a major public health concern. It is characterized by an endemic pattern with seasonal epidemics arising during rainy periods, notably during “la Niña” periods. Both the endemic and epidemics have a rural epidemiology and result from the i...

Influenza B viruses circulate globally every year causing respiratory disease with significant clinical and socio-economic impacts. IBV are considered exclusive human pathogens no established animal reservoirs, which suggests concerted effort it may be possible to eradicate this virus from circulation. However, requires a deeper understanding of virology immunology the design vaccines that indu...

Zoonoses represent a public health risk recently pointed out by the spreading of previously unknown human infectious diseases emerging from animal reservoirs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza caused by H5N1-virus. These outbreaks have shown that animal breeding activities can pose a significant public health risk. Until now, the risk of zoonoses has probably been und...

Current HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully inhibits viral replication in the majority of HIV-infected individuals. However, ART is not curative and lifelong adherence is required. Despite the undisputed benefit of ART, long-lived latently infected cells that carry HIV-integrated DNA remain. Hence, upon ART interruption, HIV-infected subjects experience viral rebound. Interestingly, s...