In malaria-naïve individuals, Plasmodium falciparum infection results in high levels of parasite-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) that trigger systemic inflammation and fever. Conversely, individuals in endemic areas who are repeatedly infected are often asymptomatic and have low levels of iRBCs, even young children. We hypothesized that febrile malaria alters the immune system such that P. fal...

Parasite-derived glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is believed to be a major inducer of the pathways leading to pathology and morbidity during Plasmodium falciparum infection and has been termed a malaria "toxin." The generation of neutralizing anti-GPI ("antitoxic") antibodies has therefore been hypothesized to be an important step in the acquisition of antidisease immunity to malaria; howeve...

Salivary proteins injected by blood feeding arthropods into their hosts evoke a saliva-specific humoral response which can be useful to evaluate exposure to bites of disease vectors. However, saliva of hematophagous arthropods is a complex cocktail of bioactive factors and its use in immunoassays can be misleading because of potential cross-reactivity to other antigens. Toward the development o...

Sesbania grandiflora (Fabaceae) has been long used as food and traditional medicine. This study aims to explain the botany, benefits bioactivity of S. glandiflora. The method is library research various articles published online on Google Scholar using keywords glandiflora, uses glandiflora bioactivities In medicine, treat diarrhea, snake bites, malaria, smallpox, fever, scabies, ulcers, gastri...

Artemisinin is one of the most potent anti-malaria drugs and many often-lengthy routes have been developed for its synthesis. Amorphadiene synthase, a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin, is able to convert an oxygenated farnesyl diphosphate analogue directly to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, which can be converted to artemisinin in only four chemical steps, resulting in an effi...

Despite recent research advances in anti-infective agents (achievements), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and malaria infection are currently considered two main global human health problems. Given the considerable geographical overlap between malaria and HIV, a substantial number of co-infection incidences occur in human. The purpose of this review is to summarize the information on the cl...

Malaria has become the public health concern worldwide. Although it is preventable and curable; P. falciparum and P. vivax have developed resistance to nearly all anti-malarial in current use. New drug discovery and novel drug leads are required to control the current malaria disease burden. The inventor has developed malaria nosode and has subjected it for evaluation of antimalarial activity i...

BACKGROUND Although antibodies are critical for immunity to malaria, their functional attributes that determine protection remain unclear. We tested for associations between antibody avidities to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigens and age, asymptomatic parasitaemia, malaria exposure index (a distance weighted local malaria prevalence) and immunity to febrile malaria during 10-months of prospec...