antiquity The era of ancient (from the Western perspective, mostly the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean) civilizations extant between prehistory and the Middle Ages. determinism A doctrine claiming that human actions are determined by external factors; its prominent varieties include environmental and geographic determinism. early modern world The period immediately following the Middle Ages, v...

Determining what fraction of texts and manuscripts have survived from Antiquity and the Middle Ages has been highly problematic. Analyzing the transmission of texts as the "paleodemography" of their manuscripts yields definite and surprisingly high estimates. Parchment copies of the foremost medieval textbooks on arithmetical and calendrical calculation closely fit age distributions expected fo...

Light has been employed in the treatment of disease since antiquity. Many ancient civilizations utilized phototherapy, but it was not until early last century that this form of therapy reappeared. Following the scientific discoveries by early pioneers such as Finsen, Raab and Von Tappeiner, the combination of light and drug administration led to the emergence of photochemotherapy as a therapeut...

volume of the bronchial tree at various levels and its possible physiologic significance', Ann.Influence of bronchial tree structure on ventilation in dog lung inferred from measurements of a plastic cast', Lead was one of the seven metals of antiquity. Its discovery dates back to at least 3500 B.C. and lead artefacts have been discovered widespread throughout the ancient world. Lead does not o...

The Vedas are the first texts in the library of mankind. They are universally acknowledged to be the most precious Indian Heritage. The antiquity to the Vedic civilization is debated to a great extent but indeed there is no civilization known to humanity with such antiquity as Vedic Aryan Civilization. The so-called Aryans would have originated in the Aryavarta. N. J. Lockyer has declared: šThe...