Eighteen soybean fields, six each with race 3, race 4, or Bedford population of Heterodera glycines, were selected for testing of host variability. Each field was divided into three sections, and a bulk soil sample was taken from each section. The 54 bulk soil populations (BSP) and 270 single cyst populations (SCP) were subjected to race determination tests. Tests of the 18 BSP and 90 SCP from ...

Host defenses against parasites do not come for free. The evolution of increased resistance can be constrained by constitutive costs associated with possessing defense mechanisms, and by induced costs of deploying them. These two types of costs are typically considered with respect to resistance as a genetically determined trait, but they may also apply to resistance provided by 'helpers' such ...

The study conducted in Antalya and Mu?la provinces from March to June, 2020. Aphis (Aphis) cirsiioleracei (Börner, 1932), coronillae Ferrari 1872, multiflorae Barbagallo & Stroyan 1982, polygonacea, Matsumura 1917, sogdiana Nevsky 1929, Dasyaphis mirabilis (Tseng Tao 1938), Hyperomyzus (Hyperomyzus) carduellinus (Theobald 1915), Rhopalosiphum padiformis Richards 1962, Toxopterina vander...

BACKGROUND Flowers are admirable in scenic good looks and artistic beautification. These are also playing necessary roles in therapeutic preparations. Aphid is an important sucking pest of various flowers in ornamental territories and it is generally controlled by predators, so it was necessary to evaluate which aphid species affect the predator more or less. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biocontrol ...

Normally, the three most prevalent contagious mastitis pathogens considered are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Mycoplasma sp. Streptococcus agalactiae and Mycoplasma sp. are more rare, with less than 5% of operations affected (APHIS, 2008). However, Mycoplasma sp. is increasing in prevalence and more than 21% of large dairies, greater than 500 cows, may be affected in the U...

a 3 : 1 pp. 74 – 86, 2006 FITCH’S PARADOX AND THE PROBLEM OF SHARED CONTENT