OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. METHODS The study included eleven subjects with spinal cord injuries (C4 to T5). The modified Ashworth scale and pendulum test, which is accomplished through the Pendular Test Device - PTD (equipment which has a quartz crystal transducer accelerometer and optic fiber fle...

AIM Many studies have been performed on the methodological qualities of the (modified) Ashworth Scale but overall these studies seem inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the construct validity and inter-rater reliability of the Ashworth Scale (AS) for the assessment of spasticity in the upper and lower extremities. METHOD A cross-sectional study on spasticity in the elbow fl...

Sylva L. Ashworth was a 1910 Palmer graduate and pioneer whose zeal for chiropractic, diligence in political causes and winning personality placed her in the center of chiropractic activities during the profession's middle ages. Although a life-long friend of B.J. Palmer and a self-professed straight chiropractor, she was most active in the broad-scope organizations of his rivals, particularly ...

objectives: the main purpose of this research was to study and contribute to an accurate test of spastic limb. the intra, inter rater reliability of the test was examined. methods: the present study was carried out in two parts in the first part of the study, the modified ashworth scale with intermediate scores (asis) was studied. during the second part of the study the intra, inter rater relia...

Background One of the most common causes of severe physical disability in childhood is cerebral palsy (CP). Mobility is one of the most important functions to fulfill the activities of daily living. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of cold application to improve ...

Recycling schemes are being used worldwide to reduce the impact of municipal waste. Those using public funds are usually obliged to set performance indicators by which the standards of such schemes can be measured. In the UK, a set of statutory Best Value Performance Indicators (BVPI) must be reported annually, such as the Quality of Fair Access, which monitors the public's access to recycling ...

A key element in the construction of a physician fee schedule is the underlying relative value scale (RVS). The focus in this article is on the development and comparison of RVS's based on alternative data sources and construction methods. Results suggest that medical procedures' values are preserved across alternative charge-based RVS's. Some differences are observed, however, when comparing p...

Humans often slow down after mistakes (post-error slowing [PES]), but the neural mechanism and adaptive role of PES remain controversial. We studied changes in the neural mechanisms of decision making after errors in humans and monkeys that performed a motion direction discrimination task. We found that PES is mediated by two factors: a reduction in sensitivity to sensory information and an inc...

In Table 2, the matched and unmatched samples and their values have been combined. Please see the correct Table 2 here. Copyright: © 2015 Arriagada et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The elderly population in the United States is increasing exponentially in tandem with risk for frailty. Frailty is described by a clinically significant state where a patient is at risk for developing complications requiring increased assistance in daily activities. Frailty syndrome studied in geriatric patients is responsible for an increased risk for falls, and increased mortality. In effort...