We present the state of the art on the modern mathematical methods of exploiting the entropy principle in thermomechanics of continuous media. A survey of recent results and conceptual discussions of this topic in some well-known non-equilibrium theories (Classical irreversible thermodynamics CIT, Rational thermodynamics RT, Thermodynamics of irreversible processes TIP, Extended irreversible th...

a good understanding of adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics is required to design and operate an adsorption process. this study was conducted to assess the adsorption percentage of pb2+ ions as a function of contact time, solution ph and temperatures, and adsorbent dosage through a series of batch experiments. the methods including zeta potentials, specific surface area measurements and t...

Entanglement entropy is a statistical entropy measuring information loss due to coarse-graining corresponding to a spatial division of a system. In this paper we construct a thermodynamics (entanglement thermodynamics) which includes the entanglement entropy as the entropy variable, for a massless scalar field in Minkowski, Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordström spacetimes to understand the stati...

The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Evolution, and Probability Does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics? Creationists say yes. This article describes in detail why the creationists are wrong. Attributing False Attributes to Thermodynamics Creationists have created a 'voodoo' thermodynamics based solely on metaphors in order to convince those not familiar with real thermodynamics th...

Modeling atmospheric aerosol and cloud microphysics is rather complex, even if chemical and thermodynamical equilibrium is assumed. We show, however, that the thermodynamics can be considerably simplified by reformulating equilibrium to consistently include water, and transform laboratory-based concepts to atmospheric conditions. We generalize the thermodynamic principles that explain hydration...

A large drift in the rotation rate of Titan observed by Cassini provided the first evidence of a subsurface ocean isolating the massive core from the icy crust. Seasonal exchange of angular momentum between the surface and atmosphere accounts for the magnitude of the effect, but observations lag the expected signal by a few years. We argue this time lag is due to the presence of an active metha...

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation proceeds by bimolecular gas-phase oxidation reactions generating species that are sufficiently low in volatility to partition into the condensed phase. Advances in instrumentation have revealed that atmospheric SOA is less volatile and more oxidized than can be explained solely by these well-studied gas-phase oxidation pathways, supporting the role of a...

A continuum theory is developed for a geophysical fluid consisting of two species. Balance laws are given for the individual components of the mixture, modeled as micropolar viscous fluids. The continua allow independent rotational degrees of freedom, so that the fluids can exhibit couple stresses and a non-symmetric stress tensor. The second law of thermodynamics is used to develop constitutiv...

This study examines the concept of ‘greenhouse gases’ and various definitions of the phenomenon known as the ‘Atmospheric Radiative Greenhouse Effect’. The six most quoted descriptions are as follows: (a) radiation trapped between the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere; (b) the insulating blanket of the atmosphere that keeps the Earth warm; (c) back radiation from the atmosphere to the Earth’s ...