voriconazole is the first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis. nevertheless, mortality remains high due to different factors. although azoles are very active in vitro against aspergillus fumigatus, several studies have reported azole-resistant a. fumigatus isolates in european countries, asia, and the united states. therefore, new approaches are needed. the aim of the present study was to e...

background and purpose: oropharyngeal candidiasis (opc) and antifungal drug resistance are major health concerns in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the increased reports of antifungal resistance and expanding drug therapy options prompted the determination of antifungal susceptibility profile. the present study was performed to determine the antifungal susceptibility of candid...

Resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans can be mediated by multidrug efflux transporters. In a previous study, we identified at least two such transporters, Cdr1p and Benp, which belong to the class of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and of major facilitators, respectively. To isolate additional factors potentially responsible for resistance to azole antifungal agents ...

Magnaporthe oryzae is an agricultural mold that causes disease in rice, resulting in devastating crop losses. Since rice is a world-wide staple food crop, infection by M. oryzae poses a serious global food security threat. Fungicides, including azole antifungals, are used to prevent and combat M. oryzae plant infections. The target of azoles is CYP51, an enzyme localized on the endoplasmic reti...

BACKGROUND An allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) patient presented with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis associated to pulmonary graft versus host disease (GVHD) and was treated for a long time with several antifungal agents that were administered as prophylaxis, combination therapies, and maintenance treatment. The patient suffered from a breakthrough invasive pulmonary as...

Adverse cardiac effects are a known, albeit infrequent, complication of azole antifungal drug therapy. Most often, cardiotoxicity is the result of drug–drug interactions due to azole inhibition of CYP3A4, but also of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9, leading to increased serum levels of concomitantly administered medications that require hepatic metabolism. Adverse interactions of azole antifungal drugs with...

Candida glabrata, which can become resistant to fluconazole, is a common cause of bloodstream infection. This study was performed to determine the significance of cross-resistance to new azole drugs among C. glabrata isolates recovered as a cause of infection in azole-treated hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Seven cases of invasive candidiasis caused by C. glabrata occurred...

The objective of this case-control study, conducted in a large Italian university hospital over a 12-month period, was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the emergence of azole resistant oral candidosis in 64 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients. A swab was obtained from each patient by brushing candidal lesions. Candida albicans was isolated in 41 patients (64%), Cand...

Drug interactions can occur when two or more medications are simultaneously given, and one drug increases decreases the effectiveness of other. Azole antifungal agents show a wide range with other drugs. Failure to recognize drug–drug interaction may produce harm patient, including enhanced toxicity concomitantly administered medication. Most azole antifungals pharmacokinetic type. This article...

The role of Aspergillus fumigatus 14alpha-sterol demethylase (Cyp51A) in azole drug susceptibility was assessed. Targeted disruption of cyp51A in azole-susceptible and -resistant strains decreased MICs from 2- to 40-fold. The cyp51A mutants were morphologically indistinguishable from the wild-type strain, retaining the ability to cause pulmonary disease in neutropenic mice.