The aim of this paper is to evaluate seed bank density and composition along a semi-arid gypsum gradient in Central Spain. Seed bank density was relatively high (16,214 seed/m) with a very clumped spatial distribution. Landform and microslope were the best predictors for seed density, indicating that density can be at least partly interpreted as a result of the physical processes regulating sec...

Multiple-bank e-cash (electronic cash) model allows users and merchants to open their accounts at different banks which are monitored by the Center Bank. Some multiple-bank e-cash systems were proposed in recent years. However, prior implementations of multiple-bank e-cash all require the random oracle model idealization in their security analysis. We know some schemes are secure in the random ...

A versatile filter-bank concept for adaptive subband filtering is proposed, which achieves a significantly lower algorithmic signal delay than commonly used analysissynthesis filter-banks. It is derived as an efficient implementation of the filter-bank summation method and performs time-domain filtering with coefficients adapted in the uniform or non-uniform frequency-domain. The frequency warp...

the main purpose of this research is measuring the service quality of parsian bank in hamedan province from the customers' viewpoints. this research is typically applied and methodologically is descriptive-surveying. statistical population are all customers that have different accounts in all branches this bank in hamedan province.the sample of 384 customers volume has been selected random...

as a commercial instrument, bank check has an important role in the life of international economy. therefore, along with unification of international regulations for bill of exchange and promissory note, the idea of applying uniform regulations to the check was gradually improved led to the approval of three genève conventions in march 1931. the said conventions were accepted by most countries ...

Recent developments in private payments arrangements, particularly at the wholesale level, challenge central banks’ longstanding monopoly on the provision of the ultimate means of settlement for financial transactions. This paper examines competition between public payments arrangements and private intermediaries, and the effect on central banks’ role in monetary policy. Central to the issue is...

Important results recently achieved in games between trade unions and central banks rest on the assumption that workers’ organisations are interested, besides real wages and employment, in inflation per se. This hypothesis is crucial because: (i) the results are not robust to its removal; (ii) the justifications provided to support it are not without problems. The paper raises the issue, critic...

The ever-changing economic environment is forcing banks to re-evaluate the way loan decisions are made. Several agricultural loan evaluation systems are operational, however, they are not ‘true’ expert systems. While they have all focused on analysing the borrower’s financial position given the current market and economic conditions, most have not taken into account qualitative factors such as ...

We present the design of a wideband digital modem based on non-maximally decimated filter bank (NMDFB) with perfect reconstruction (PR) property. The PR-NMDFB contains an analysis filter bank (AFB) and a synthesis filter bank (SFB) whose efficient polyphase forms are named as polyphase analysis channelizer (PAC) and polyphase synthesis channelizer (PSC). The waveform being processed is the lega...